地铁隧道不同排烟风速对火灾烟气控制的模拟分析

以某地铁隧道过江段为研究对象,基于CFD数值模拟方法,采用大涡模拟火灾分析软件FDS对相同纵向风速条件下,排烟道内不同排烟风速对地铁列车火灾烟气控制效果的影响进行模拟对比分析,分析结果可为设计单位对在排烟风机的选取提供一定的参考。模拟分析的结果表明,当纵向风速设定为1m/s时,排烟风道内排烟风速为5m/s即能达到较好的地铁列车火灾烟气控制效果。     

固定污染源非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统比对监测

对非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统进行示值误差、响应时间、零点漂移和量程漂移等性能测试,对非甲烷总烃便携式分析仪进行检出限、精密度、准确度等性能测试。性能测试满足相关要求后同时利用便携式催化氧化-氢火焰离子化检测器法(催化氧化-FID)、便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法(GC-FID)和实验室气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法(GC-FID)对固定污染源非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统进行现场比对测试。测试结果表明,在工况变动较大的情况下,便携式FID法与实验室GC-FID法测试结果相对误差为19. 6%～35. 1%,具有很好的可比性。以实验室GC-FID法为参比方法时,自动连续监测系统相对准确度为64. 1%,不满足《固定污染源废气非甲烷总烃连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ 1013—2018)的要求。以便携式FID为参比方法时,自动连续监测系统相对准确度分别为28. 6%和35. 3%,相对《固定污染源废气总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃的测定气相色谱法》(HJ 38—2017)方法一致性更好,均能满足《HJ 1013—2018》的要求。提出,应推进便携式方法在自动连续监测系统验收和质控比对中的应用。     

Application of different single extraction procedures for assessing the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soils from overlapped areas of farmland and coal resources

Heavy metal(loid) extraction from soils in overlapped areas of farmland and coal resources (OAFCR) is crucial in understanding heavy metal bioavailability in soil and the subsequent risks to crops and consumers. However, limited attention has been paid to the extraction procedure of heavy metal(loid)s in OAFCR soils in the research. This study therefore explored different single and mixed extraction procedures, such as acetic acid (HOAc), citric acid, ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid + ammonium acetate (EDTA+NH₄OAc), and total digestion (HNO₃-HClO₄-HF) to determine the bioavailability of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in OAFCR soil in Xuzhou, China. The results showed the metal(loid) extraction capacity from soil of the different procedures could be ranked as AB-DTPA > EDTA+NH₄OAc > HOA_C > citric acid. The transfer ability of heavy metal(loid)s from soil to wheat tissues and from wheat roots to aerial parts was analyzed by calculating the bioconcentration factor and transfer factor, respectively. Transfer factors of all metal(loid)s were < 1 except Cr whose transfer factor from root to shell and straw were > 1. It is suspected that foliar uptake plays a dominant role in Cr uptake. Correlation analysis between the bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soil and uptake in respective wheat tissues was performed to recommend the best extraction procedures for different studies. The results show that AB-DTPA extraction is recommended for Cu uptake to wheat roots, straws, shells and grains, Zn uptake to roots, and Cd uptake to roots and straws.

     

基于“三生”功能的江苏省国土空间特征及分区调控

随着新型城镇化的推进,土地利用方式进入转型期,深入分析土地利用多宜性可为科学土地利用布局提供理论支持。以江苏省55个县域为研究对象,从生产-生活-生态3个维度构建国土空间"三生"功能识别体系,借助GIS空间分析、空间计量模型探析江苏省县域"三生"功能的空间格局特征,结合地理探测器和双变量空间自相关方法揭示关联性,并根据主导功能差异提出优化对策。结果表明:(1)江苏省生产-生活-生态功能用地空间分异明显,呈现以南京、苏州、无锡为主导的生产空间,环洪泽湖、沿海、依山的生态空间和以城镇为中心的生活空间集聚特征;(2)区域经济发展水平、生活承载能力、生态因素共同驱动"三生"功能空间格局,各因素间存在明显的强度差异和空间异质性,经济发展-生活承载驱动、生态保育-生活提升驱动、农业生产-生活发展制约、经济发展-生活承载制约4种类型机理各异并呈现自东南向西北渐变特征;(3)依据生产-生活-生态三大维度功能在不同空间的强弱主次特征确定了生产-生活主导功能区、生产功能主导辅以生活功能提升区、生态功能为主导限制生产功能区、生产功能主导生态功能培育区四类功能区,并以强化生产生活功能凝聚力及保育生态功能为逻辑主线,分析总结其对应的土地利用策略。研究结果不仅可明确江苏省各县域单元的土地利用功能定位,也是优化主体功能区划及合理调控区域功能结构的理论补充和实践参考,为提升区域可持续发展能力提供了科学依据。     

碱提取-丙基化衍生法同时测定土壤中的甲基汞和乙基汞

建立了碱提取-丙基化衍生方式同时测定土壤中甲基汞和乙基汞的方法。优化了仪器分析条件,研究了碱提取温度、提取时间、缓冲溶液加入量和衍生化试剂加入量对测定结果的影响。应用本方法对5种实际土壤样品进行测定,甲基汞和乙基汞的方法检出限分别为0.5 μg/kg和0.3 μg/kg,相对标准偏差分别为1.3%~17%和0.94%~16%,平均回收率分别为88.2%~110%和66.1%~110%。该法适用于批量土壤样品中甲基汞和乙基汞的分析测定。     

氧化剂对土壤中石油污染物去除率的影响

以FeSO_4-柠檬酸为催化剂,探讨了不同氧化剂的类型、浓度、与催化剂的比例等因素对土壤中石油污染物去除率的影响。实验结果表明:各氧化剂体系的石油去除率大小顺序为KMnO_4CaO_2≥H_2O_2K_2S_2O_8;随着反应时间的延长,各体系的石油去除率均呈现出先快速增涨、再缓慢增加后略有降低的趋势;在氧化剂浓度相同条件下,H_2O_2体系和Na_2S_2O_8体系的石油去除率分别比对照增加了145.5%~238.7%和112.6%~167.5%;在催化剂用量相同条件下,H_2O_2体系和Na_2S_2O_8体系达到最高石油去除率时的n(氧化剂)∶n(催化剂)分别为50∶1和100∶1;H_2O_2体系对残油族组分的去除率大小顺序为非烃芳烃饱和烃沥青质。     

TNT红水污染土壤中二硝基甲苯磺酸盐的分析方法

火炸药厂红水污染土壤中的主要污染物为二硝基甲苯磺酸盐[DNTS,包括2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸盐(2,4-DNT-3-SO_3~-)和2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸盐(2,4-DNT-5-SO_3~-)2种异构体]。研究建立了振荡提取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中DNTS的方法。4种土壤(黄土、棕土、红壤和黑土)和5个浓度水平(50、100、250、500、1 000 mg/kg)时,DNTS的回收率为69.4%~111%,变异系数为0.28%~6.62%(n=3)。应用该方法测定甘肃某火炸药厂红水污染土壤样品,2,4-DNT-3-SO_3~-和2,4-DNT-5-SO_3~-浓度实测值(平均值分别为505、25.2 mg/kg)重复性好,变异系数为1.29%和1.53%(n=3)。     

近50 a澴河上游汛期降雨径流多尺度时空演变

人类活动和气候变化可能导致水文资料的一致性遭到破坏。为研究澴河上游汛期降雨、径流的一致性,基于澴河花园水文站及流域内6个雨量站1963~2013年汛期实测资料,以全汛期、最大1日、3日、7日为时间尺度,首先通过Pettitt检验和Mann-Kendall检验对降雨、径流序列进行趋势与突变检验;其次采用不均匀系数和重心模型对降雨时空变化进行定量分析,基于日流量历时曲线分析不同相对历时流量的变化规律;最后分析降雨径流关系的时间变化特征。结果表明:澴河上游流域汛期降雨存在不显著下降趋势,各历时降雨空间分布未发生显著变化,降雨重心基本分布在广水站和草店站之间。花园站汛期平均流量呈减小趋势,最大1日、3日、7日平均流量显著减小;高流量下降趋势和低流量上升趋势均较明显,高、低流量相对于中流量的离差均为减小趋势。汛期径流系数呈下降趋势,降雨、径流深多年平均下降率分别为11.6、20.8 mm/10 a;径流系数与降雨量呈分段线性关系,约在汛期降雨为565 mm处出现转折。     

Computational modeling and analysis of thoracolumbar spine fractures in frontal crash reconstruction

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to reconstruct 11 motor vehicle crashes (6 with thoracolumbar fractures and 5 without thoracolumbar fractures) and analyze the fracture mechanism, fracture predictors, and associated parameters affecting thoracolumbar spine response.

Methods: Eleven frontal crashes were reconstructed with a finite element simplified vehicle model (SVM). The SVM was tuned to each case vehicle and the Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) Ver. 4.01 was scaled and positioned in a baseline configuration to mimic the documented precrash driver posture. The event data recorder crash pulse was applied as a boundary condition. For the 6 thoracolumbar fracture cases, 120 simulations to quantify uncertainty and response variation were performed using a Latin hypercube design of experiments (DOE) to vary seat track position, seatback angle, steering column angle, steering column position, and D-ring height. Vertebral loads and bending moments were analyzed, and lumbar spine indices (unadjusted and age-adjusted) were developed to quantify the combined loading effect. Maximum principal strain and stress data were collected in the vertebral cortical and trabecular bone. DOE data were fit to regression models to examine occupant positioning and thoracolumbar response correlations.

Results: Of the 11 cases, both the vertebral compression force and bending moment progressively increased from superior to inferior vertebrae. Two thoracic spine fracture cases had higher average compression force and bending moment across all thoracic vertebral levels, compared to 9 cases without thoracic spine fractures (force: 1,200.6 vs. 640.8 N; moment: 13.7 vs. 9.2?Nm). Though there was no apparent difference in bending moment at the L1–L2 vertebrae, lumbar fracture cases exhibited higher vertebral bending moments in L3–L4 (fracture/nonfracture: 45.7 vs. 33.8?Nm). The unadjusted lumbar spine index correctly predicted thoracolumbar fracture occurrence for 9 of the 11 cases (sensitivity?=?1.0; specificity?=?0.6). The age-adjusted lumbar spine index correctly predicted thoracolumbar fracture occurrence for 10 of the 11 cases (sensitivity?=?1.0; specificity?=?0.8). The age-adjusted principal stress in the trabecular bone was an excellent indicator of fracture occurrence (sensitivity?=?1.0; specificity?=?1.0). A rearward seat track position and reclined seatback increased the thoracic spine bending moment by 111–329%. A more reclined seatback increased the lumbar force and bending moment by 16–165% and 67–172%, respectively.

Conclusions: This study provided a computational framework for assessing thoracolumbar fractures and also quantified the effect of precrash driver posture on thoracolumbar response. Results aid in the evaluation of motor vehicle crash–induced vertebral fractures and the understanding of factors contributing to fracture risk.     

2015年冬季苏州城市热岛特征研究

基于Landsat土地利用类型分类资料、夜间灯光影像资料、自动气象站资料以及大气边界层探测资料,划分出城市、郊区以及湖区代表站,分析了苏州2015年1月城市热岛日变化、昼夜差异特征以及城、湖温度差日变化特征,并对苏州城市热岛分布特征以及城、湖大气边界层结构差异进行分析。结果显示：(1)白天热岛强度小,09~17时热岛强度均小于1℃,最小值仅为02℃;夜间热岛强度大,19~05时热岛强度维持在12℃以上,最大值为17℃。(2)城、湖温差白天为正,夜间为负,市区变温速率比湖区快约02℃/h。(3) 苏州白天热中心形状不规则,范围大,城郊温差小,夜间形成单一封闭稳定热中心,热中心形状与市区有较好对应,城、郊温差维持在15℃左右。冬季地面盛行西北风,太湖湖陆风现象显著,湖陆风和盛行风向共同影响城市热羽向西南方向发展。（4）城、湖虚位温廓线在白天差异小,均有不稳定边界层形成,夜间市区仍维持不稳定边界层,而湖区有稳定边界层发展,近地层内干岛效应显著。(5)城市热岛影响范围有明显日变化特征,白天城市热岛影响范围小于40 m,夜间大于200 m。