广州市餐厨垃圾不同处置方式的经济与环境效益比较

对广州市餐厨垃圾采用填埋、焚烧、综合处理3种处置方式的经济和环境效益进行了对比分析。结果表明,对于一座日处理能力为500t的餐厨垃圾处理厂而言,如果采用制取沼气和提炼生物柴油的综合处理方式,则年处置费用约为3833万元,年运输成本约为1825万元,年总收益(主要为出售生物柴油和发电)为7093万元,年净收益可达1435万元;一座日处理能力为500t的餐厨垃圾处理厂通过综合处理提炼的生物柴油若替代普通柴油使用,则每年可减少CO2排放量达110000t,而且餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵过程中产生的CO2也能被有效回收并加以利用。总体来说,综合处理方式既实现了餐厨垃圾的资源化有效利用,也达到了低污染排放的目的,经济与环境效益均达最佳。     

4A沸石去除水中Pb2＋的研究

在静态条件下,研究了4A沸石对废水中Pb2＋的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素。实验表明：当温度为30℃,废水pH为5～6,0．01g4A沸石对100mg／LPb2＋溶液10mL吸附20min,Pb2＋的去除率可达到99％以上。在实验研究条件下,4A沸石对Pb2＋的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,相关系数为0．9819和0．9998。经计算,4A沸石对Pb2＋的饱和吸附量为125mg／g。4A沸石吸附水中Pb2＋达到吸附平衡的时间较短;溶液pH值的变化对吸附效果影响不显著;温度从室温略微升高,Pb2＋的去除率略有增大。吸附在4A沸石上的Pb“可回收利用,处理后的4A沸石可以再生,且重复使用性能较好。     

Emission characteristics of granulated fuel produced from sewage sludge and coal slime

The neutralization of wastewater treatment residues is an issue for many countries. The European Union (EU) legal regulations have limited the use of the residues in agriculture and implemented a ban for their disposal. Therefore, urgent action should be taken to find solutions for the safe disposal of sewage sludge. The problem refers in particular to the new EU member countries, including Poland, where one can now observe an intensive development of sewage system networks and new sewage treatment plants. At the same time, these countries have few installations for thermal sewage sludge utilization (e.g., there is only one installation of that type in Poland). Simultaneously, there are many coal-fired mechanical stoker-fired boilers in some of these countries. This paper presents suggestions for the production of granulated fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime. Additionally, among others, lime was added to the fuel to decrease the sulfur compounds emission. Results are presented of research on fuel with two average grain diameters (approximately 15 and 35 mm). The fuel with such diameters is adapted to the requirements of the combustion process taking place in a stoker-fired boiler. The research was aimed at identifying the behavior of the burning fuel, with special attention paid to its emission properties (e.g., to the emissions of oxides of nitrogen [NO(x)], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and carbon monoxide [CO], among others). The concentration and emission values were compared with similar results obtained while burning hard coal. The combustion process was carried out in a laboratory stand where realization of the large-scale tests is possible. The laboratory stand used made simulation possible for a wide range of burning processes in mechanical stoker-fired boilers.     

Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the littoral zones of two lakes,east Antarctica

During the summertime of 2007/2008, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) fluxes across air–water interface were investigated in the littoral zones of Lake Mochou and Lake Tuanjie, east Antarctica, using a static chamber technique. The mean fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ were ?70.8 mgCO₂ m^?2 h^?1 and 144.6 μgCH₄ m^?2 h^?1, respectively, in the littoral zone of Lake Mochou; The mean fluxes were ?36.9 mgCO₂ m^?2 h^?1 and 109.8 μgCH₄ m^?2 h^?1, respectively, in the littoral zone of Lake Tuanjie. Their fluxes showed large temporal and spatial dynamics. The CO₂ fluxes showed a significantly negative correlation with daily total radiation (DTR) and a weakly negative correlation with air temperature and water temperature, indicating that sunlight intensity controlled the magnitude of CO₂ fluxes from the open lakes. The CH₄ fluxes significantly correlated with local air temperature, water table and total dissolved solids (TDS), indicating that they were the predominant factors influencing CH₄ fluxes. Summertime CO₂ budgets in the littoral zones of Lake Mochou and Lake Tuanjie were estimated to be ?152.9 gCO₂ m^?2 and ?79.7 gCO₂ m^?2, respectively, and net CH₄ emissions were estimated to be 312.3 mgCH₄ m^?2 and 237.2 mgCH₄ m^?2, respectively. Our results show that shallow, open, alga-rich lakes might be strong summertime CO₂ absorbers and small CH₄ emitters during the open water in coastal Antarctica.     

Atmospheric deposition of phthalate esters in a subtropical city

In Chinese cities, air pollution has become a serious and aggravating environmental problem undermining the sustainability of urban ecosystems and the quality of urban life. Bulk atmospheric deposition samples were collected two-weekly, from February 2007 to January 2008, at three representative areas, one suburban and two urbanized, in the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China, to assess the deposition fluxes and seasonal variations of phthalate esters (PAEs). Sixteen PAE congeners in bulk deposition samples were measured and the depositional fluxes of ∑₁₆PAEs ranged from 3.41 to 190 μg m^?2 day^?1, and were highly affected by local anthropogenic activities. The significant relationship between PAEs and particulate depositional fluxes (correlation coefficient R² = 0.72, P < 0.001) showed PAEs are associated primarily with particles. Temporal flux variations of PAEs were influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological parameters, and the deposition fluxes of PAEs were obviously higher in wet season than in dry season. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAE pattern in bulk depositions, which is consistent with a high consumption of the plasticizer market in China. PAE profiles in bulk deposition showed similarities exhibited in both time and space, and a weak increase of high molecular weight PAE (HMW PAE) contribution in the wet season compared to those in the dry season. Average atmospheric deposition fluxes of PAEs in the present study were significantly higher than those from other studies, reflecting strong anthropogenic inputs as a consequence of rapid industrial and urban development in the region.     

低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用低碳理念在工业园区规划环评中的应用

工业园区是温室气体排放的重要源头之一,工业园区规划环评应在规划的基础上,探讨如何在评价过程中通过制定合理的对策措施,促进园区低碳发展。本文分析了低碳发展理念纳入工业园区规划环评的工作重点,建议规划环评完善评价内容,在原有评价体系中融入园区温室气体排放特征、设定低碳发展评价指标、优化设计能源结构、构建低碳产业体系、低碳发展替代方案以及碳排放跟踪评价等内容,以达到规划环评指导工业园区按低碳路径发展的目的。     

Using Si depletion in aerosol to identify the sources of crustal dust in two Chinese megacities

Depletion of Si in transported dust has been recognized for many years. It can be used to distinguish between transported and local dust in cities, although it rarely has been. Here we use the variations of the Si/Al ratio in 15 months of continuous PM_2.5 samples at Beijing (northern China) and Chongqing (southwestern China) to reveal the seasonal patterns of their dust sources. For both cities, peaks of concentration for Si and Al in PM_2.5 corresponded with minima of Si/Al, and could often be linked to pulsed air flow from deserts to the northwest. With significant depletion (up to 80%) and homogeneous distribution at urban and rural sites, Si/Al showed a clear seasonal evolution, which decreased from spring to summer, increased from fall to winter, and collapsed during Chinese Spring Festival, indicating the dominance of transported dust, local fugitive dust and firework influence, respectively. The low ratios implied that desert dust is a common source during spring at Chongqing, whereas its presence during cold season at Beijing was also more frequent than expected. Failing to recognize the depletion of Si may lead to an overestimate of desert dust by 15%–65% when using the average abundance of Al in crust (6%–8%), as in previous studies. The difference in Si/Al ratio between local and transported dust implies that >60% of the dust at Beijing came from outside the city during the springs of 2004–2006. This result can help resolve the contradictory findings on this topic that have been presented earlier.     

Prediction of the adsorption capability onto activated carbon of a large data set of chemicals by local lazy regression method

Accurate quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models based on a large data set containing a total of 3483 organic compounds were developed to predict chemicals’ adsorption capability onto activated carbon in gas phrase. Both global multiple linear regression (MLR) method and local lazy regression (LLR) method were used to develop QSPR models. The results proved that LLR has prediction accuracy 10% higher than that of MLR model. By applying LLR method we can predict the test set (787 compounds) with Q²_ext of 0.900 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.129. The accurate model based on this large data set could be useful to predict adsorption property of new compounds since such model covers a highly diverse structural space.     

Degradation kinetics of anthracene by ozone on mineral oxides

To further understand the role of substrates on the heterogeneous reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the reactions of ozone with anthracene adsorbed on different mineral oxides (SiO₂, α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃) and on Teflon disc were investigated in dark at 20 °C. No reaction between ozone and anthracene on Teflon disc was observed when the ozone concentration was ～1.18 × 10¹⁴ molecules cm^?3. The reactions on mineral oxides exhibited pseudo-first-order kinetics for anthracene loss, and the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k_1,obs) displayed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood dependence on the gas-phase ozone concentration. The adsorption equilibrium constants for ozone (K_O3) on SiO₂-1, SiO₂-2, α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃ were (0.81 ± 0.26) × 10^?15 cm³, (2.83 ± 1.17) × 10^?15 cm³, (2.48 ± 0.77) × 10^?15 cm³ and (1.66 ± 0.45) × 10^?15 cm³, respectively; and the maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant (k_1,max) on these oxides were (0.385 ± 0.058) s^?1, (0.101 ± 0.0138) s^?1, (0.0676 ± 0.0086) s^?1 and (0.0457 ± 0.004) s^?1, respectively. Anthraquinone was identified as the main surface product of anthracene reacted with ozone. Comparison with previous research and the results obtained in this study suggest that the reactivity of anthracene with ozone and the lifetimes of anthracene adsorbed on mineral dust in the atmosphere are determined by the nature of the substrate.     

O3/BAF工艺系统中有机物生物降解数学模型

研究臭氧预氧化/曝气生物滤池（O₃/BAF）联合工艺深度处理实际城市污水二级出水过程中,后续BAF系统中有机物的生物降解数学模型。以有机底物浓度、填料层高度两个基本变量为控制条件,研究BAF的总体运行常数和填料特性常数,得出BAF有机物生物降解动力学方程为S_e/S₀=exp(－Kh/qSⁿ₀)。出水与进水COD浓度比值（S_e/S₀）的对数与反应器填料高度（h）之间可表达成一次函数关系。在不同的进水浓度（S₀）下,根据ln（S_e/S₀）~h和关系式m=K/qSⁿ₀,得到方程ln(q_m)=－nln(S₀)+lnK。BAF总体运行常数K和填料特性常数n分别为1.708和0.5063。该模型对BAF工艺有如下指导意义：可以根据设计流量、进水有机物浓度和出水浓度,初步确定BAF的尺寸（如横截面积、高度等）。