Interaction between Cu2+ and different types of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron during their transport in porous media

This study investigated the interaction between Cu²⁺ and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) coated with three types of stabilizers (i.e., polyacrylic acid [PAA], Tween-20 and starch) by examining the Cu²⁺ uptake, colloidal stability and mobility of surface-modified NZVI (SM-NZVI) in the presence of Cu²⁺. The uptake of Cu²⁺ by SM-NZVI and the colloidal stability of the Cu-bearing SM-NZVI were examined in batch tests. The results showed that NZVI coated with different modifiers exhibited different affinities for Cu²⁺, which resulted in varying colloidal stability of different SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺. The presence of Cu²⁺ exerted a slight influence on the aggregation and settling of NZVI modified with PAA or Tween-20. However, the presence of Cu²⁺ caused significant aggregation and sedimentation of starch-modified NZVI, which is due to Cu²⁺ complexation with the starch molecules coated on the surface of the particles. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the co-transport of Cu²⁺ in association with SM-NZVI in water-saturated quartz sand. It was presumed that a physical straining mechanism accounted for the retention of Cu-bearing SM-NZVI in the porous media. Moreover, the enhanced aggregation of SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺ may be contributing to this straining effect.     

Zn(Ⅱ)对生物质碳源处理酸性矿山排水中厌氧微生物活性影响

通过厌氧批实验的方法,探讨了在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)法处理模拟酸性矿山排水(AMD)的过程中,以油菜秸秆为碳源时,Zn2+浓度对SRB活性的影响.结果表明,在60 d实验中,以油菜秸秆为碳源时,当Zn2+初始浓度在73.7～196.8 mg.L-1范围时,SRB具有良好活性,实验结束时,pH从初始的5.0上升至中性范围,硫酸根还原率达到96%以上,同时Zn2+浓度降至0.05 mg.L-1以下.Tessier固体形态分类、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析发现,Zn以有机物及硫化物的形态被固定,其中硫化物主要为闪锌矿(ZnS).当Zn2+初始浓度为262.97 mg.L-1时,SRB的活性受到强烈的抑制,实验结束时,pH从初始的5.0降至4.0左右,硫酸根还原率只有27%,Zn2+维持在较高浓度范围(25 mg.L-1).油菜秸秆可以作为SRB法长期处理AMD的缓释碳源,能为微生物生长繁殖提供物质和能量;秸秆的吸附性可降低Zn2+的生物毒性,使得SRB可以适应高浓度的Zn2+;SRB可以通过形成硫化物矿物的形式固定元素Zn.     

Water quality prediction of copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater based on the PSO-SVR model

● Data acquisition and pre-processing for wastewater treatment were summarized. ● A PSO-SVR model for predicting COD_eff in wastewater was proposed. ● The COD_eff prediction performances of the three models in the paper were compared. ● The COD_eff prediction effects of different models in other studies were discussed. The mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment is highly complex and nonlinear. Various factors like influent quality, flow rate, pH and chemical dose, tend to restrict the effluent effectiveness of mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a crucial indicator to measure the quality of mining-beneficiation wastewater. Predicting COD concentration accurately of mining-beneficiation wastewater after treatment is essential for achieving stable and compliant discharge. This reduces environmental risk and significantly improves the discharge quality of wastewater. This paper presents a novel AI algorithm PSO-SVR, to predict water quality. Hyperparameter optimization of our proposed model PSO-SVR, uses particle swarm optimization to improve support vector regression for COD prediction. The generalization capacity tested on out-of-distribution (OOD) data for our PSO-SVR model is strong, with the following performance metrics of root means square error (RMSE) is 1.51, mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.26, and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.85. We compare the performance of PSO-SVR model with back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and shows it edges over in terms of the performance metrics of RMSE, MAE and R², and is the best model for COD prediction of mining-beneficiation wastewater. This is because of the less overfitting tendency of PSO-SVR compared with neural network architectures. Our proposed PSO-SVR model is optimum for the prediction of COD in copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. In addition, PSO-SVR can be used to predict COD on a wide variety of wastewater through the process of transfer learning.     

地震应急快速触发响应系统的需求分析与总体设计

介绍了中国数字地震观测网络项目应急分项软件"地震应急快速触发响应系统"的需求分析和总体功能设计,并对各子系统的技术实现方案以及软件的数据流程等内容进行了比较详细的说明。     

Case study on prevention of fire hazards in coating epoxy-based FRP work with illumination

In this study, we investigated and analyzed the causes of fire hazards on the basis of actual accidents that occurred during epoxy resin fiberglass-coating operations. Results of this study showed that during this process, two major factors could cause a fire. One factor was related to the heat produced during the mixing of the epoxy resin and a polyamide curing agent. From the results of thermal analysis, it was found that the T_onset of the epoxy resin and the polyamide curing agent was 52.8 °C by DSC and T_d10 was 58.9 °C by DT/TGA, causing an exothermic hazard. Further, the results of a pseudo-adiabatic analysis performed in a Dewar vessel showed that the temperature increased from 23.5 °C to 177 °C.The other factor that could increase fire hazard was the illumination source used during the coating operation. Depending on the type of illumination source used, the temperature could increase above 350 °C. The decomposition temperature (T_d10) of PVC was 276.3 °C. The experiments involving epoxy resin fiberglass coating using an illumination source showed serious burn marks, and the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) electrical cable emitted small flames. Therefore, it can be concluded that fire was caused by the combination of two factors—the exothermic reaction between epoxy resin and the polyamide curing agent and the effect of prolonged illumination, both of which caused an increase in temperature leading to auto-ignition of the PVC electric cable.     

暴风雪作用下轻型钢结构房屋的损伤特征分析

基于雪灾事故的调查研究,对轻钢结构房屋在风荷载、雪荷载不同作用情况下的损伤特征及其结构受力性能进行了有限元分析。结果表明,风力涡旋效应造成屋面雪载的分布极不均匀,受损处常集中在屋面1/4和3/4跨附近;基本风、雪荷载值偏低以及轻型钢结构房屋的鲁棒性差,往往因局部损坏导致整体性坍塌。     

圆柱型燃烧器内甲烷燃烧转化率数值研究

甲烷燃烧具有环境污染小、放热量大等优点,但甲烷燃烧转化率受很多因素影响,因此,研究甲烷燃烧过程的转化率就显得尤为重要。基于计算流体力学中的涡耗散模型,运用有限容积法建立甲烷和空气非预混燃烧与扩散数学模型。针对具有3个小挡板,一个喷嘴的圆柱型燃烧器进行数值研究。结论:随着不同入口空气速度的逐渐增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应不充分,在轴向距离2 m处,反应生成的水和二氧化碳的含量逐渐减少,然而氧气增多,甲烷燃烧的转化率变低;随着不同入口甲烷速度的逐渐增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应充分,转化率变高;随着不同入口甲烷温度的增加,氧气浓度增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应不充分,转化率降低。     

Comparisons of TGA and DSC approaches to evaluate nitrocellulose thermal degradation energy and stabilizer efficiencies

This study investigated the thermal degradation energy (activation energy, E_a) for nitrocellulose (NC) with low nitrogen content of 11.71 mass%, so-called NC3, by using two different kinds of thermal analysis instruments: thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A comparison of E_a for various nitrogen content NC samples at two scanning rates (5 and 10 °C min^?1) tested by TGA and DSC is also discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, our aim was to analyze the anti-degradation of E_a for NC with high nitrogen content, as so-called NC1. Thermal stability for NC1 with diphenylamine (DPA) was tested via DSC with 10 DPA concentrations in weights of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0, and 3.0 mass%. Experimental results indicated that E_a of NC3s was 319.91 kJ mol^?1. Moreover, that while dosing DPA into NC1 the best recipe could be employed to avoid any violent NC1 runaway and also can be used to distinguish the differences of thermal decomposition E_a between NC with different nitrogen contents. This study established a fast and efficient procedure for thermal decomposition properties of NC, and could be applied as an intrinsically safer design during relevant operations.     

典型污水处理厂对多环芳烃及其衍生物的去除及再生水健康风险研究

多环芳烃(PAHs)在水环境中可以通过化学或微生物作用转化成其衍生物(SPAHs),而SPAHs可能具有更强的毒性和"三致性"从而危害人体健康。为探明污水厂中PAHs和SPAHs的存在性及不同二级处理和再生水处理工艺对它们的去除效果,对北京及广东共4座污水处理厂中PAHs及SPAHs进行了检测,同时对再生水进行了健康风险评价。结果显示:从进水浓度来看,4座污水处理厂中,低环芳烃浓度(191.8~394.2 ng·L~(-1))明显高于高环芳烃(89.3~108.2 ng·L~(-1));SPAHs中氧取代物(OPAHs)总浓度(253.8~322.2 ng·L~(-1))高于甲基取代物(MPAHs,44.3~220.4 ng·L~(-1))。不同二级处理工艺对PAHs的去除率为43.7%~58.2%,对SPAHs的去除率为45.8%~52.1%。不同再生水处理工艺对PAHs和SPAHs去除率差别较大,PAHs的去除率范围为1.8%~41.1%,SPAHs的去除率范围在2.35%~25.9%。结果表明,目标物的去除以生物降解为主,此外,吸附在固体颗粒上,随颗粒沉淀去除也是主要途径之一。通过对污水厂再生水的风险评价,苯并[a]芘(BaP)和二苯并[a,h]蒽(DBA)2种强致癌物TEQ浓度均高于1,其致癌风险较大,安全性有待提高。     

考虑SSI效应的基础隔震框架结构抗震性态水平分析∗

目前针对于基础隔震结构的性态水平研究往往基于刚性地基假设,未考虑 SSI 效应对结构损伤的影响。因此,为研究柔性地基上小高宽比基础隔震结构的抗震性态水平,本文以拟建结构为背景,利用 ABAQUS 有限元软件建立该小高宽比基础隔震结构建筑物的有限元计算模型,依据相关规范规定,选取 El?Centro 波、Kobe 波和卧龙波,通过改变土体等效剪切波速设计扩展出 5 种场地,分析了地震动特性、场地条件以及输入地震动加速度峰值对该结构地震反应的影响规律,对该结构的损伤程度进行了统计分析。结果表明：柔性地基上随结构?土体相对刚度比的增大,基础隔震结构的上部结构损伤和隔震层损伤均增大,且上部结构的损伤明显滞后于隔震支座损伤,IV 场地在同等条件下损伤最严重;中长周期地震波对于隔震结构损伤影响较大;选取了层间位移角、隔震层位移作为抗震性态水平的量化指标,基于计算结果,本文初步给出了两类指标与结构?土体相对刚度比的预测公式,提出了不同类别场地下小高宽比基础隔震结构的抗震性态水平划分及其破坏程度的物理描述。