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151.
Adam Peters Peter Simpson Graham Merrington Chris Schlekat Emily Rogevich-Garman 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(1):193-204
A field-based evaluation of the biological effects of potential nickel (Ni) exposures was conducted using monitoring data for benthic macroinvertebrates and water chemistry parameters for streams in England and Wales. Observed benthic community metrics were compared to expected community metrics under reference conditions using RIVPACS III+?software. In order to evaluate relationships between Ni concentrations and benthic community metrics, bioavailable Ni concentrations were also calculated for each site. A limiting effect from Ni on the 90th percentile of the maximum achievable ecological quality was derived at “bioavailable Ni” exposures of 10.3 μg l?1. As snails have been identified as particularly sensitive to nickel exposure, snail abundance in the field in response to nickel exposure, relative to reference conditions, was also analysed. A “low effects” threshold for snail abundance based on an average of spring and autumn data was derived as 3.9 μg l?1 bioavailable Ni. There was no apparent effect of Ni exposure on the abundance of Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) or Tricoptera (caddisflies) when expressed relative to a reference condition within the range of “bioavailable Ni” exposures observed within the dataset. Nickel exposure concentrations co-vary with the concentrations of other stressors in the dataset, and high concentrations of Ni are also associated with elevated concentrations of other contaminants. 相似文献
152.
Corruption is a threat to the purpose of humanitarian assistance. Until fairly recently, humanitarian assistance has not been considered an important arena in broader efforts aimed at curbing corruption, and corruption has not always been considered a particularly important concern for humanitarian assistance despite the obviously challenging nature of the context of humanitarian emergencies. Corruption, though, is a threat to humanitarian action because it can prevent assistance from getting to the people who most need it, and because it can potentially undermine public support for such assistance. This paper examines perceptions of corruption and its affects, documents best practices, and outlines gaps in understanding. It suggests recommendations for improving the capacity of humanitarian agencies to prevent and manage the risk of corruption. Agencies have taken steps to combat corruption and improve accountability--downwards and upwards--but scope remains for improvement and for greater sharing of learning and good practice. 相似文献
153.
Peter Franconeri Lawrence Kaplan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):887-888
A comprehensive incinerator air pollution control testing program was recently completed in New York City, and the results contain valuable particulate and gas sampling data. The information, which was obtained from a large number of test runs, is especially valuable since there is a shortage of reliable, valid test data of this nature. Since the test data now presented involved 1000 ton/day incinerators, which operate 24 hr/day, 6 days/wk, it is significant design criteria for consideration when upgrading a large incinerator or building a new one. The tests also provide information concerning the nature and concentration of gaseous constituents in the incinerator stack effluent. 相似文献
154.
Drake Hocking Peter Kuchar James A. Plambeck Roy A. Smith 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):133-137
Gold smelters near Yellowknife in Canada's Northwest Territories have emitted large quantities of sulfur dioxide and arsenic since inception of roasting in 1941. Although particulate wastes are well contained by baghouse fitters in the one remaining operating smelter, significant gaseous emissions continue. Soil and vegetation were sampled at 52 sites over an area of about 40 km radius from the source. Plant ecology was studied at 43 of those sites. After preliminary multi-element screening that indicated only arsenic was a serious persistent contaminant, x-ray fluorescence was used to measure arsenic content in sampled materials. The plant ecology data were synthesized into an Index of Vitality with numerical ratings of pertinent factors. In the marginal forests and rocky outcrops of the area, indicator species of vegetation permitted a division into zones of severe, moderate, mild, or no impact in order of increasing distance from the current center of emissions. Severe impact, including killing of trees, is local only. Analyses of foliage indicate little uptake of arsenic which, together with the presence of S02 symptoms, point to S02 as the main factor causing decline of vegetation. A separate study, abstracted here, supports this view by providing data that show a frequency of at least 2 significant fumigation episodes per growing season. Soil analyses indicate extremely high arsenic contamination near the stack. A monotonie pattern of dispersion yielded a function explainable in terms of rapid condensation of gaseous emissions. The relationship of arsenic in surface soil and vegetation to distance is approximately an inverse square. 相似文献
155.
Howard M. Ellis Peter C. Liu Charles Runyon 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):670-675
The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternative prediction models for the SO2 concentrations produced in the vicinity of the Ohio Edison Company Sammis Power Plant. The plant is situated in the northeastern portion of the Ohio River Valley in complex terrain. Comparisons of the 16 highest predicted and measured short-term SO2 concentrations were conducted for a one year period for 58 alternative models. Several models were found to predict reasonably accurately the 16 highest measured 24-hour SO2 concentrations. Each of these models requires an upward adjustment in the plume centerline location as the plume is transported downwind in rising terrain. These same models overpredict by substantial margins the 16 highest measured 3-hour SO2 concentrations. Improvements in emissions inventory data and improvements in the prediction models used are believed necessary to increase prediction accuracy further. 相似文献
156.
Peter D. Spawn Thomas J. Maslany 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1060-1066
By the fall of 1980, three new and seven retrofit casthouse emission control systems had been installed in North America. A number of prototype systems are being evaluated by steel companies and regulatory agencies. By 1981, the U.S. steel industry had made commitments to install controls on at least 58 additional casthouses in the U.S. This paper describes the current status of casthouse control technology in the U.S. and Canada as of the spring of 1981, addresses future trends, and presents emissions test data collected in 1980 and 1981. Mass emissions and inhalable particulate test results from sampling at DOFASCO’s No. 3 blast furnace casthouse are presented. Roof monitor visible emissions data are also provided to describe performance of installed and demonstration systems including three J&L plants, Wheeling-Pittsburgh and Bethlehem Steel, and Inland’s new furnace. 相似文献
157.
Peter J. Kroll Peter Williamson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1258-1263
Dry scrubbing of the flue gas from chemical waste incineration is becoming an increasingly viable alternative to wet scrubbing. This paper discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of wet and dry scrubbing systems and compares the relative capital and operating costs. The design parameters of the dry scrubbing process are discussed, including reagent atomization, gas dispersion, gas temperatures, and particulate removal. The history of dry scrubbing process applications is discussed, including the successful European hazardous waste systems. Finally, a comparison is made among three very different hazardous waste incinerators in the U.S. that will utilize dry scrubbing systems. 相似文献
158.
Peter A. Gabele 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):296-304
In response to the occurrence of the increasingly severe ambient ozone exceedances, regional environmental managers are examining the possibility of a cleaner fuel for automobiles. At this time the leading candidate appears to be methanol. In anticipation of a shift to methanol, flexible-fueled automobiles capable of operating on gasoline and/or methanol are being developed. This study examines both the exhaust and evaporative emissions from a prototype General Motors Variable Fuel Corsica. Results are reported for tests conducted at temperatures of 40°, 75°, and 90° F, and for fuels MO M25, M50, M85, and M100. In addition to regulated emissions and fuel economy, emission rates for methanol, aldehydes, and a large number of hydrocarbon compounds were measured. The data indicate that increasing the fuel's methanol content does not affect the exhaust organic emission rate (calculated in accordance with the regulation) from flexible-fueled cars, but formaldehyde and methanol comprise increasingly greater portions of the organic material while hydrocarbons comprise less. Increasing fuel methanol content has no significant effect on exhaust regulated emission rates (organic material, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides) nor on the composition of total hydrocarbons, except for methane, which increases substantially. The effect of ambient temperature on both exhaust and evaporative emissions is similar to its effect on gasoline cars: organic and carbon monoxide exhaust emissions increase substantially at the lower temperatures, and evaporative emissions increase steadily with increases in temperature. 相似文献
159.
Bert Brunekreef Mieke Lumens Gerard Hoek Peter Hofschreuder Paul Fischer Klaas Biersteker 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1444-1447
In January 1987, an air pollution episode occurred In central and western Europe. Levels of SO2, NO2, black smoke, sulphates and other components were elevated, with 24 hour average concentrations of SO2 reaching a maximum of close to 300 μg/m3 In an area In the southeast of the Netherlands. Pulmonary function was measured In a group of children of 6- 12 years old at the end of the episode, and also two and three and a half weeks after the episode. A baseline lung function value was obtained about three months before the episode. Pulmonary function growth between baseline and retest dates was estimated from a simple growth model which was validated using measured pulmonary function growth data from a longitudinal study. A decline of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1 and PEF) from predicted baseline levels was observed, starting on the last day of the episode. Two weeks after the episode, FVC, FEV1 PEF and MMEF were all decreased, and three and a half weeks after the episode, there was still a deficit compared to predicted baseline levels for FVC and FEV1 相似文献
160.
Peter A. Scheff Donna M. Kenski Joseph Chung George Wolff 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1048-1057
Abstract Large-scale studies like the Southeast Michigan Ozone Study (SEMOS) have focused attention on quantifying and spedating inventories for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). One approach for evaluating the accuracy of a VOC emission inventory is the development of a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model for ambient non-methane organic compound (NMOC) measurements. CMB evaluations of ambient hydrocarbon data provide a sample-specific allocation of emissions to individual source categories. This study summarizes the results of an application of the CMB model to the NMOC data from the SEMOS study. Comparison of CMB results with emission inventory values for the Detroit area show that vehicle emissions are well represented by the inventory, as are architectural coatings and coke ovens. Estimated emissions from petroleum refineries and graphic arts industries are much lower in the inventory than determined from the receptor allocation. Under-reporting of fugitive VOC emissions from petroleum refineries is an ongoing problem. Emissions from graphic arts industries are underestimated in the inventory partly because of the broad characterization of the emission factor (i.e., mass emitted/capita), which may be less useful when specific locations and days are under consideration. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of the CMB approach when used prospectively to track the implementation of emission control strategies. While vehicle emission concentrations were unchanged from 1988 to 1993, measurement-based CMB results suggest a decrease in evaporative emissions during this time period resulting from Reid vapor pressure (RVP) reductions (from 11.0 psi in 1988 to 8.6 psi in 1993) and fleet turnover. Changes in emissions from coke plants and petroleum refineries were also seen in the CMB allocations for these sources. 相似文献