全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1164篇 |
免费 | 23篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 34篇 |
废物处理 | 38篇 |
环保管理 | 290篇 |
综合类 | 145篇 |
基础理论 | 261篇 |
环境理论 | 1篇 |
污染及防治 | 310篇 |
评价与监测 | 56篇 |
社会与环境 | 57篇 |
灾害及防治 | 10篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 25篇 |
2020年 | 15篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 20篇 |
2017年 | 29篇 |
2016年 | 33篇 |
2015年 | 35篇 |
2014年 | 25篇 |
2013年 | 125篇 |
2012年 | 40篇 |
2011年 | 68篇 |
2010年 | 42篇 |
2009年 | 45篇 |
2008年 | 71篇 |
2007年 | 59篇 |
2006年 | 56篇 |
2005年 | 55篇 |
2004年 | 46篇 |
2003年 | 38篇 |
2002年 | 53篇 |
2001年 | 28篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 25篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 18篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1941年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1202条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
991.
Honey bees, Apis mellifera, maintain constant colony temperatures throughout the year. Honey bees fan their wings to cool the colony, and often spread
fluid in conjunction with this behavior to induce evaporative cooling. We present an additional, previously undescribed mechanism
used by the honey bee to maintain constant colony temperature in response to localized temperature increases. Worker bees
shield the comb from external heat sources by positioning themselves on hot interior regions of the hive's walls. Although
honey comb and brood comb were both shielded, the temperature-sensitive brood received a greater number of heat shielders
and was thus better protected from overheating. Heat shielding appears to be a context-dependent adaptive behavior performed
by worker bees who would previously have been considered "unemployed."
Received: 16 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 31 March 1999 相似文献
992.
The aim of the study was to investigate the rationale of the current indications for fetal chromosome analysis. 5372 women had 5423 amniocenteses performed, this group constituting a consecutive sample at the chromosome laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen from March 1973 to September 1980 (Group A + B). Pregnant women 35 years of age, women who previously had a chromosomally abnormal child, families with translocation carriers or other heritable chromosomal disease, families where the father was 50 years or more and women in families with a history of Down's syndrome (group A), were compared to women having amniocentesis, although considered not to have any increased risk of fetal chromosome abnormality (1390 pregnancies, group B). They were also compared with 750 consecutive pregnancies in women 25–34 years of age, in whom all heritable diseases were excluded (group Q. The risk of unbalanced chromosome abnormality in group A (women with elevated risk) is significantly higher than in group B + C (women without elevated risk) (relative risk 2–4). Women with a known familial translocation and women 40 years or more have a relative risk of 5–7 of having an unbalanced chromosome abnormality compared with women without elevated risk. Spontaneous abortion rate and prematurity rate did not differ from rates expected without amniocentesis. It is concluded that current indications may be characterized as a mixture of evident high risk factors and factors with only a minor influence on risk. Indications for amniocentesis should therefore be reconsidered. Because it must be considered impractical and ethically wrong to limit amniocentesis to the two mentioned real high risk groups, and illogical to continue the present policy, which is not based on clearcut evidence, the possibility of offering amniocentesis to all who want it, is discussed. Screening for chromosome disease in all pregnancies is not without problems, but may be reasonable in some localities. 相似文献
993.
How Climate and Vegetation Influence the fire Regime of the Alaskan Boreal Biome: The Holocene Perspective 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Feng Sheng Hu Linda B. Brubaker Daniel G. Gavin Philip E. Higuera Jason A. Lynch T. Scott Rupp Willy Tinner 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(4):829-846
We synthesize recent results from lake-sediment studies of Holocene fire-climate-vegetation interactions in Alaskan boreal
ecosystems. At the millennial time scale, the most robust feature of these records is an increase in fire occurrence with
the establishment of boreal forests dominated by Picea mariana: estimated mean fire-return intervals decreased from ≥300 yrs to as low as ∼80 yrs. This fire-vegetation relationship occurred
at all sites in interior Alaska with charcoal-based fire reconstructions, regardless of the specific time of P. mariana arrival during the Holocene. The establishment of P. mariana forests was associated with a regional climatic trend toward cooler/wetter conditions. Because such climatic change should
not directly enhance fire occurrence, the increase in fire frequency most likely reflects the influence of highly flammable
P. mariana forests, which are more conducive to fire ignition and spread than the preceding vegetation types (tundra, and woodlands/forests
dominated by Populus or Picea glauca). Increased lightning associated with altered atmospheric circulation may have also played a role in certain areas where
fire frequency increased around 4000 calibrated years before present (BP) without an apparent increase in the abundance of
P. mariana. When viewed together, the paleo-fire records reveal that fire histories differed among sites in the same modern fire regime
and that the fire regime and plant community similar to those of today became established at different times. Thus the spatial
array of regional fire regimes was non-static through the Holocene. However, the patterns and causes of the spatial variation
remain largely unknown. Advancing our understanding of climate-fire-vegetation interactions in the Alaskan boreal biome will
require a network of charcoal records across various ecoregions, quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions, and improved knowledge
of how sedimentary charcoal records fire events.
In this paper, charcoal refers to macroscopic (≥180 μm) as opposed to microscopic (< 180 μm) particles unless indicated otherwise.
Radiocarbon ages were converted to calibrated years before AD 1950 using the atmospheric calibration data set (Stuiver et
al. 1998). 相似文献
994.
This study examined the relationship between environmental concern and ratings of acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors at two national park settings. Based on the concept of a social ecological paradigm shift, it was hypothesized that individuals with greater levels of environmental concern are less accepting of environmental impacts in national parks than individuals with lesser degrees of concern. Sample data came from Cape Lookout National Seashore (N=392) and Moores Creek National Battlefield (N=236), two national park units in the south-eastern U.S.A. Environmental concern was measured by the New Ecological Paradigm scale. Acceptability was measured by visitor responses to 25 items covering different types of environmental park impacts. Analysis of variance and Tukey's means comparison procedure were used to test for differences between groups defined by levels of environmental concern on impact acceptability. Significant relationships were found between environmental concern and 15 of the 25 specific impacts in the Cape Lookout sample and 13 significant relationships were found in the Moores Creek sample. However, the relationships between environmental concern and acceptability varied somewhat across the two samples. These findings suggested that individuals with greater environmental concern were less accepting (or tolerant) of certain types of park impacts, while individuals with lesser degrees of environmental concern were more accepting of certain park impacts. Differences across the study settings were attributed to the different orientations of park visitors between the two national park units and recency effects. While the data reported are preliminary, they should be informative for park management purposes, particularly in the determination of standards for park impacts. 相似文献
995.
FISH is a quick, inexpensive, accurate, sensitive and relatively specific method for aneuploidy detection in samples of uncultured chorionic villus cells and amniotic fluid cells. FISH allows detection of the autosomal trisomies 13, 18 and 21 and X and Y abnormalities and any other chromosome abnormality for which a specific probe is available. The detection rate of these abnormalities is high in informative samples which have a concordance of > 99.5% with cytogenetic results. A relatively high number of abnormal cases are found in uninformative samples. However, such samples should be regarded as samples to be investigated further. Clinical experience with the use of FISH for prenatal diagnosis is now beyond 10,000 cases; a number of clinical protocols and smaller trials have also been carried out, resulting in 90% of attempted analyses giving informative results with a high detection rate and extraordinarily low false-positive and false-negative rates Unsolved problems remain, such as occasional technical failures, admixtures of maternal blood and up to 20% uninformative scoring results, especially for abnormal specimens. FISH is at present used as an adjunct to classical cytogenetic analysis. However, this should not be interpreted as meaning that FISH could not be used as a methodology in its own right. If FISH were to be considered a Diagnostic test then this might be the case, due to the risk of false-negative and false-positive results and the fact that FISH does not allow a diagnosis of certain structural abnormalities. If, on the other hand, FISH is considered a screening test, which means that in all abnormal (or indeterminate) cases, classical cytogenetic analysis would follow the abnormal screening test, the accuracy which is potentially higher than for other screening methods, for example in cases of trisomy 21, justifies FISH as a prenatal screening test in its own right. 相似文献
996.
Finn Stener Jørgensen MD Jens Bang Anne-Marie Lind Britta Christensen Claes Lundsteen John Philip 《黑龙江环境通报》1992,12(4):277-283
Genetic amniocentesis performed at 7–14 weeks of gestation was studied in a series of 138 patients of whom 50 wanted termination of pregnancy (⩽ 12 weeks). The material for analysis consisted of 132 samples due to two sampling failures and four samples being handled incorrectly. Forty-eight samples (36 per cent) were taken at 7–12 weeks of gestation, mainly transvaginally (36/48:75 per cent). The success rate of culture and karyotyping increased with the duration of pregnancy, but was only satisfactory from week 11 onwards. The time until harvest was then 14–15 days. The transvaginal approach is easy to perform and was accepted by the women, but we experienced bacterial or fungal overgrowth in 17 per cent of these samples, whereas no infection occurred in the samples taken transabdominally (n = 96). We conclude that genetic amniocentesis is feasible from week 11, but further studies concerning side effects, especially focusing on the procedure-related abortion risk, should be carried out before early amniocentesis is routinely applied. 相似文献
997.
A new culture vessel for amniotic fluid culture is presented (flaskette). It consists of a microscope slide, on top of which a culture chamber is mounted. Amniotic fluid cell cultures using in situ technique in the flaskette were compared to subcultured samples in ordinary (Falcon) tissue culture bottles. Working time was reduced by using this new culture vessel because of a very simple harvest procedure allowing simultaneous harvest of 15 samples. The interval between amniocentesis and harvest was shorter for the in situ technique than for the subcultivation technique. The frequency of aneuploidy in individual metaphases was higher with the subcultivation technique. while there was no difference in the frequency of structural anomalies. 相似文献
998.
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) use pulsed calls and whistles in underwater communication. Unlike pulsed calls, whistles have received little study and thus their function is poorly known. In this study, whistle activities of groups of individually known killer whales were compared quantitatively across behavioural categories. Acoustic recordings and simultaneous behavioural observations were made of northern resident killer whales off Vancouver Island in 1996 and 1997. Whistles were produced at greater rates than discrete calls during close-range behavioural activities than during long-range activities. They were the predominant sound-type recorded during socializing. The number of whistles per animal per minute was significantly higher during close-range behavioural activities than during long-range activities. Evidently, whistles play an important role in the close-range acoustic communication in northern resident killer whales. 相似文献
999.
Ecosystem Decay of Amazonian Forest Fragments: a 22-Year Investigation 总被引:49,自引:1,他引:49
1000.
Philip L. Munday 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2002,52(3):247-254
Bi-directional sex change in coral-dwelling fishes (genera Gobiodon and Paragobiodon) has been attributed to a growth-rate advantage for females during the non-breeding season. This model predicts that the smallest individual in a newly formed pair should always be female. To determine if a growth-rate advantage exists for female Gobiodon histrio, I monitored the growth of males and females in natural pairs during the breeding and non-breeding season. I then used a manipulative field experiment to test four predictions of the growth-rate advantage model: (1) the larger individual should change sex to male in new pairs containing two females; (2) the smaller individual should change sex to female in new pairs containing two males; (3) neither individual should change sex in heterosexual pairs where the male is larger than the female; and (4) both individuals should change sex in heterosexual pairs where the female is larger than the male. A growth-rate advantage was detected for female G. histrio during the non-breeding season; however, only the first three of the predicted outcomes were observed in the manipulative experiment. Sex change did not occur in heterosexual pairs where the female was larger than the male. Furthermore, growth did not differ between sex-changed and non-sex-changed fish; therefore, the absence of sex change in these pairs is not due to a growth cost to sex change. I propose that the risk of moving among spatially isolated habitat patches and the low probability of finding a mate have been more important than sex-specific differences in growth rates to the evolution of bi-directional sex change in coral-dwelling gobies. 相似文献