基于非本地物种毒性数据推导出的水质基准可为本地物种提供适当保护吗？

基于非本地物种的毒性数据推导出的水质基准一直存在争议,质疑者提出应有针对不同生物区系的水质基准。而这个问题在中国尤为突出。本文作者搜集了38种污染物对本地物种和非本地物种的毒性数据,比较了这些生物的HC₅和物种敏感度分布,结果显示,基于非本地物种推导的水质基准有74%的确定性可以有效保护中国的水生态系统。如果采用评价因子(AF=5)来校正基准,那么可以获得90%的确定性。
精选自Xiaowei Jin, Zijian Wang, Yeyao Wang, Yibing Lv, Kaifeng Rao, Wei Jin, John P. Giesy and Kenneth M. Y. Leung. Do water quality criteria based on nonnative species provide appropriate protection for native species? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2985
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2985/full     

Effects of cotton straw amendment on soil fertility and microbial communities

Maintaining soil fertility, while controlling pollution from excessive chemical fertilizer application is important for keeping soil productivity of sustainable agriculture. Variety of straws have been used and proven to be good soil amendments for increasing soil organic matter (OM) and a range of additional soil nutrients. However, little is known about the utilization of cotton straw for soil amendment. To better understand the mechanism behind cotton straw soil amendments, investigations were performed upon cucumber seedlings, where changes to soil nutrients and microbial communities were investigated. The results revealed that the cotton straw application promoted the cucumber seedling growth by significantly increasing the soil OM, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The concentration of cotton straw was positively correlated to both the number of the culturable microorganisms and also the total microbial biomass within soil. Furthermore, assessment of cotton straw application using Biolog metabolic profiling and phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed that such application increased the microbial community metabolic activity, and markedly changed the structure of microbial community. 16S rRNA gene clone library construction and phylogenetic analysis of soil bacteria revealed γ- Proteobacteria sequences dominated the cotton straw amendment soil, comprising 27.8% of the total number of analyzed sequences, while they were less represented in control soil (13.4%). On the contrary, the Sphingobacteria (7.8%) and Verrucomicrobia (2.4%) in the cotton straw amendment soil decreased after application when compared to the control soil 15.2% and 15.2%.     

铀胁迫对两种蓝藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度铀(0.1、1.0、10.0和30.0mg·L-1)胁迫对满江红鱼腥藻(Anabaena azollae)和爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonemaj avanicum)生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,低浓度铀(0.1和1.0mg·L-1)条件下,两种蓝藻的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量均无明显变化;叶绿素a含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均较对照上升,表明低浓度铀对A.azollae和S.javanicum均未形成明显胁迫,对生长表现为刺激和促进作用。10.0mg·L-1浓度的铀对A. azollae的生长影响不大,对S. javanicum却产生了明显的抑制作用。30.0mg·L-1铀胁迫下,两种蓝藻中的MDA显著增加,抗氧化酶系统受到破坏,生长严重受阻。实验结果显示,A. azollae和S. javanicum的耐铀极限分别在10.0～30.0mg·L-1和1.0～10.0mg·L-1之间,A. azollae的抗铀性比S. javanicum强。     

Data assimilation in a simple marine ecosystem model based on spatial biological parameterizations

Assuming that a set of constant parameters fits for marine ecosystem modeling and parameter estimation studies on large space scales is questionable since ecosystem types spanning long distances are quite different. In this study, SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a data are assimilated into a simple NPZD model by the adjoint method in a climatological physical environment provided by FOAM. To improve the assimilation results, different spatial parameterization schemes are utilized. The results show that the values of the selected sensitive parameters are spatially variable and the application of spatial parameterizations can improve the assimilation results significantly.     

Multivariate correlation analysis of bio-accumulation with soil properties and potential health risks of cadmium and lead in rice seeds and cabbage in pollution zones,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A total of 475 representative cultivated land and 435 crop samples from 11 provinces of China were collected, and lead and cadmium in 6 polluted areas by...     

地表臭氧污染与其他环境因子复合胁迫对中国城市森林的影响研究进展

地表臭氧污染（O₃）和气候变化加剧成为当今威胁城市森林可持续发展的关键环境要素.目前对于O₃单一因子对城市树木的影响研究已很难用于准确评估自然城市环境条件下由多种环境因子交互作用而产生的复杂生态效应.本文综述了O₃与二氧化碳（CO₂）、干旱、氮（N）沉降和升温的两两交互以及三因子交互作用对中国城市树木生理生化和生长的影响,探讨了O₃与其他环境因子对树木的交互作用机制过程.CO₂升高在光合代谢、抗氧化系统以及生长发育等方面能一定程度缓解O₃升高对树木的负效应.O₃和干旱的交互影响存在复杂的作用过程,可能协同加重植物损伤,也可能拮抗减轻植物伤害,或者无交互效应.O₃和N沉降对树木无交互效应.增温和O₃对树木存在显著的交互作用,增温减缓了O₃对树木生长和光合作用的不利影响.最后,还提出了未来研究的发展方向,为我国应对未来气候变化和空气污染下的城市森林管理及可持续发展提供科学指导.     

钽铌冶炼厂含氟废水资源化治理技术

采用合金膜电渗析法分离富集钽铌冶炼厂含氟废水中的F^-和SO₄^2-。最优的工艺运行条件为：膜对电压0.500 V,膜面流速4.09 cm/s。在此条件下电渗析30 min,F^-去除率达97.53%,SO₄^2-去除率接近100%。优化条件下运行电渗析器,一段淡水中大部分的F^-和SO₄^2-均被去除,可以直接回用。一段电渗析的浓水再经多段电渗析浓缩,以LiOH·H₂O沉淀F^-得到LiF产品,该LiF产品纯度达99.06%,满足GB/T 22666—2008标准的3级品要求。LiF收率为84.92%,F^-整体回收率为79.45%。     

Waste management under multiple complexities: inexact piecewise-linearization-based fuzzy flexible programming

To tackle nonlinear economies-of-scale (EOS) effects in interval-parameter constraints for a representative waste management problem, an inexact piecewise-linearization-based fuzzy flexible programming (IPFP) model is developed. In IPFP, interval parameters for waste amounts and transportation/operation costs can be quantified; aspiration levels for net system costs, as well as tolerance intervals for both capacities of waste treatment facilities and waste generation rates can be reflected; and the nonlinear EOS effects transformed from objective function to constraints can be approximated. An interactive algorithm is proposed for solving the IPFP model, which in nature is an interval-parameter mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming model. To demonstrate the IPFP's advantages, two alternative models are developed to compare their performances. One is a conventional linear-regression-based inexact fuzzy programming model (IPFP2) and the other is an IPFP model with all right-hand-sides of fussy constraints being the corresponding interval numbers (IPFP3). The comparison results between IPFP and IPFP2 indicate that the optimized waste amounts would have the similar patterns in both models. However, when dealing with EOS effects in constraints, the IPFP2 may underestimate the net system costs while the IPFP can estimate the costs more accurately. The comparison results between IPFP and IPFP3 indicate that their solutions would be significantly different. The decreased system uncertainties in IPFP's solutions demonstrate its effectiveness for providing more satisfactory interval solutions than IPFP3. Following its first application to waste management, the IPFP can be potentially applied to other environmental problems under multiple complexities.     

洪湖沉积物中有机氯农药的释放动力学模拟

以洪湖表层沉积物为研究对象,通过模拟试验,对悬浮状态下沉积物中有机氯农药的释放动力学过程进行了研究. 结果表明,沉积物中有机氯农药的释放具有初始阶段释放速度快而后释放速度减慢的规律. 并且,沉积物中有机氯农药的释放强度主要受化合物的水溶性控制. 水溶性相对较高的物质(如α-HCH)在水中的释放浓度较高,释放时间也更长. 另外,温度对有机氯农药的释放也有重要的影响,随着温度的升高,沉积物中有机氯农药的释放明显加强. 最后,通过试验数据分析,建立了沉积物中有机氯农药释放的一级动力学模型并确定了模型参数. 释放动力学模型的验证结果表明,实测值与模拟值吻合较好.      

Application of microbubbles in chemistry,wastewater treatment,medicine, cosmetics,and agriculture: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Microbubbles are 10–100-μm bubbles with unique properties that find applications in chemical reactions, water aeration, sewage purification,...