过氧化氢热爆炸研究进展

过氧化氢作为绿色环保的氧化剂,广泛应用于工业的各个领域,同时也因其热分解爆炸危险性导致了一系列严重的火灾爆炸事故。过氧化氢在高温或与一些不兼容化学物质作用下,将会激发其热危险性,进而引发热失控反应,最终导致爆炸事故的发生。结合近年来国内发生的过氧化氢热爆炸事故,简要概述了其热爆炸事故历程,并从理论研究和实验研究两个方面综述了过氧化氢热爆炸的研究进展。理论研究方面,主要介绍了化学反应失控模型和基于热动力学的研究方法,尤其对基于热失控模型的热风险评估进行了详细的阐述。实验研究方面,分析了高温条件下与杂质催化作用下过氧化氢的热危险性,包括无机杂质和有机杂质。最后就过氧化氢热爆炸的研究提出了进一步的研究方向。     

农民工职业危害防护需求意愿调查分析

为了调查农民工职业危害防护的具体需求意愿及他们对企业职业危害管理现状的认知,分析农民工职业危害防护需求意愿与农民工职业危害防护行为之间的关系。采用问卷调查的定量调查方法进行调查。调查对象中男性农民工409人,女性农民工157人。参与问卷调查的农民工,均接触一种及以上的职业性有害因素。调查内容包括了解公司预防和控制职业病的政策,参与公司的职业危害管理决策,实施的职业性健康安全培训、健康监护、个人防护用品的使用等预防和控制职业病的管理措施等方面,本次调查显示,农民工对于预防职业危害表现出强烈的需求愿望,且对企业的职业危害防护现况表示了不满,倾向于采取极端的行为维护自身的健康权益。但另一方面,农民工实际参与企业职业危害防护的行为率较低,与他们的需求意愿相比有明显的差距。     

疏散试验前后高校学生疏散行为与心理特征对比分析

人员疏散既有疏散运动,也有行为和心理反应,因此对同一人群在疏散前后进行两次问卷调查,可以有效地对第3类人员(一般人员)和第2类人员(参加疏散演习和试验人员)的问卷结果进行对比,更准确地分析人员疏散时的心理行为特征.在某高校教学楼进行模拟疏散演习试验,用火灾报警器做疏散警报,重复8次.在演习前5天和演习结束时分别进行问卷调查.调查结果表明,在出口发生堵塞时,67％的人在第1份问卷中选择其他出口,而演习结束时的问卷中,这个选择的人数降至35％.这说明很多人往往会高估自己在面临危机时的反应.担任过一定社会职务的人比一般人群更倾向于独立证实火灾的发生.     

河南惠楼山药种植区土壤和山药重金属质量比及健康风险研究

在河南省惠楼山药种植区采集土壤和山药样品各14份,用AAS法测定土壤和山药重金属质量比,用US EPA健康风险评价模型对膳食山药所致的重金属健康风险进行了研究.结果表明,种植区土壤重金属均没有发生污染.山药中Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Co的平均质量比分别为1.15 mg·kg-1、4.60 mg· kg-1、15.68 mg· kg-1、1.97mg· kg-1、0.14 mg·kg-1和2.94 mg·kg-1,其中Pb和Ni质量比略有超标.山药对土壤重金属的富集系数从大到小依次为Cu、Zn、Co、Pb、Ni、Cr.各个重金属的THQ和各样点的HI均远小于l,不存在非致癌健康危害.Pb和Ni的CR值分别为10-6和10-4数量级,致癌风险不明显;而Co和Cr的CR值在10-3数量级,存在明显的致癌风险;Co对TCR的平均贡献率为79.01％,是最主要的致癌重金属.     

大型超市火灾情况下人员疏散模拟分析

针对大型商场在火灾情况下,人员是否能够及时逃生的问题,采用计算流体动力学软件FDS和大型疏散模拟软件building EXODUS对徐州某大型超市进行火灾时人员疏散的模拟。在火灾场景下,由于烟气对于人员顺利逃生有着重要的影响,运用FDS软件模拟得到着火层四周出口处烟气的下降速度,烟气浓度以及能见度的变化情况,从而给出人员安全疏散的最佳时间,再应用building EXODUS模拟当超市人流量最大时人员的疏散情况,得出该大型超市内人员逃生所需的时间,两种模拟所得时间进行对比分析,可得到人员是否能安全疏散的结论。     

网络化SCADA系统安全防御策略

SCADA系统在电力、给水、石油、化工等领域的数据采集与监视控制以及过程控制等诸多领域应用广泛。一直以来,很多工程师和管理者认为SCADA系统是一个相对孤立的物理隔离的系统,有着强有力的访问控制,是相对安全的。然而,随着网络技术和通信技术和计算机技术的发展,SCADA系统逐渐发展成开放式透明运作的标准系统,由此造成系统的安全性降低。针对当前的开放式SCADA系统,本文介绍了系统构成和系统的网络化结构特点,分析了系统可能存在的安全隐患并提出一种层次结构的＂防御圈＂安全策略。该策略从企业网络和SCADA网络两方面实施具体的安全防护措施。通过对＂防御圈＂中各个层的合理配置,可以有效地保障SCADA系统安全。     

土壤和辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯的残留检测与消解动态研究

研究了土壤和辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯的高效液相色谱检测方法,并在天津、山东济南和浙江杭州进行土壤和辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯残留状况和消解动态规律研究的田间试验.结果表明,在0.05～1 mg/kg的添加水平下,辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯的平均添加回收率为84.59％～92.08％,变异系数为2.44％ ～ 6.81％;在0.03～1 mg/kg的添加水平下,土壤中吡唑醚菌酯的平均添加回收率为82.75％ ～89.74％,变异系数为5.03％ ～6.25％;辣椒和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯的最小检出量均为1.3×10-10g,其中辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯的最低检出质量比为0.005mg/kg,土壤中为0.003 mg/kg.田间残留试验表明,吡唑醚菌酯在土壤和辣椒中的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学反应模型,在土壤和辣椒中的残留消解半衰期分别为4.5～5.4 d和2.9 ～ 4.7 d.按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在辣椒上各喷施18.7％烯酰吗啉·吡唑醚菌酯水分散粒剂3～4次,2次施药间隔为10 d,距最后1次施药5d时,吡唑醚菌酯在辣椒中的最高残留量为0.28 mg/kg,低于国际食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的辣椒中吡唑醚菌酯的最大残留限量标准(0.5mg/kg).     

Chemical forms and ecological risk of arsenic in the sediment of the Daliao River System in China

The chemical forms and ecological risk of As were characterized in the sediment of the Daliao River System (DRS), which has been affected by long-term intensive industrial, urban, and agricultural activities. Twenty-seven samples of surface sediment were collected and analyzed for total As content and that of its chemical forms. The results indicated that the average total As content in the sediment was 9.83 mg kg^− 1 but that the levels ranged from 1.57 to 83.09 mg kg^− 1. At the sites near cities, mining sites, and the estuary of the DRS, it is likely that adverse effects on aquatic organisms occur, due to As levels in the sediment that are often higher than the threshold effect level and occasionally higher than the probable effect level. A selectively sequential extraction indicated that the majority of As in the sediment was bound to Fe oxides (62.1%), with moderate proportions of residual As (19.8%), specifically adsorbed As (17.9%), and a low proportion of non-specifically adsorbed As (1.1%). In addition, the content of Fe in the sediment was positively and significantly correlated with the contents of amorphous and crystalline Fe oxide-bound As, confirming the crucial role of Fe oxides in immobilizing high amounts of As in superficial environments. The average molar ratio of As to Fe was 1.18 × 10^− 4 in the surface sediment of the DRS, similar to that of natural Fe oxides, but much lower than that of synthesized Schwertmannite. Therefore, the release of As under reduced and low pH conditions can cause serious problems for water resources and for living organisms.     

Evaluating the difference between the normalized difference vegetation index and net primary productivity as the indicators of vegetation vigor assessment at landscape scale

Both the net primary productivity (NPP) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are commonly used as indicators to characterize vegetation vigor, and NDVI has been used as a surrogate estimator of NPP in some cases. To evaluate the reliability of such surrogation, here we examined the quantitative difference between NPP and NDVI in their outcomes of vegetation vigor assessment at a landscape scale. Using Landsat ETM+ data and a process model, the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator, NPP distribution was mapped at a resolution of 90 m, and total NDVI during the growing season was calculated in Heihe River Basin, Northwest China in 2002. The results from a comparison between the NPP and NDVI classification maps show that there existed a substantial difference in terms of both area and spatial distribution between the assessment outcomes of these two indicators, despite that they are strongly correlated. The degree of difference can be influenced by assessment schemes, as well as the type of vegetation and ecozone. Overall, NDVI is not a good surrogate of NPP as the indicators of vegetation vigor assessment in the study area. Nonetheless, NDVI could serve as a fairish surrogate indicator under the condition that the target region has low vegetation cover and the assessment has relatively coarse classification schemes (i.e., the class number is small). It is suggested that the use of NPP and NDVI should be carefully selected in landscape assessment. Their differences need to be further evaluated across geographic areas and biomes.     

Impact of socioeconomic development on ecosystem services and its conservation strategies: a case study of Shandong Province,China

Ecosystems and their components provide a lot of benefits for the welfare of human beings. Coupled with increasing socioeconomic development, most of the rapidly developing and transitional countries and regions have been experiencing dramatic land use changes. This has resulted in a large amount of forestland, grassland, and wetland being occupied as residential and industrial land or reclaimed for arable land, which in turn results in a sharp deterioration of ecosystem services around the world. Shandong Province, an economically powerful province of China, was chosen as a case study in order to capture the impact of socioeconomic development on ecosystem services. By way of the study, land uses and their changes were categorized between 1980 and 2006, and the ecosystem services capital and changes of 111 counties of Shandong Province in different phases were evaluated, as well as the total ecosystem services capital, followed by the zoning of ecosystem services function region of Shandong Province. We found that the counties in mountainous areas and wetlands, where generally the prefectural-level cities are located with a rapid socioeconomic development, experienced a successive deterioration of ecosystem services especially during the 2000s. Finally, three conservation strategies for managing and improving ecosystem services were proposed and discussed with the aim of achieving coordinate and sustainable development of the socioeconomy, environment, and ecosystems not only in Shandong Province but also in other provinces of China, as well as in other developing and transitional countries and regions.