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Wastewater contains varieties of carbonaceous and nitrogenous compounds that undergo complicated biodegradation processes in wastewater treatment plants. How these different compounds are degraded by activated sludge in aerobic conditions is still a mystery. Researchers have been trying to interpret it using the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) derived from the respirograms of respective substrates. Several models have been proposed to interpret the substrate removal mechanisms using the experimental observations. Have we succeeded in understanding the messages by activated sludge correctly using these models? In this paper, the distinctive nature of the respirograms when activated sludge is fed with different substrates and the biokinetic models that have been developed to explain the substrate removal mechanisms using derived OUR profiles are reviewed. In addition, a sensitivity study was conducted on the recently evolved simultaneous storage and growth model to investigate the influence of key parameters on OUR profiles during the biodegradation process. 相似文献
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Gauri R. Pradhan Antje Engelhardt Carel P. van Schaik Dario Maestripieri 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(3):333-343
Female copulation calls are mating-associated vocalizations that occur in some species of Old World monkeys and apes. We argue
that copulation calls have two immediate functions: to encourage mating attempts by other males and to increase mate guarding
by the consort male. We hypothesize that female copulation calls have evolved under the selective pressures of risk of infanticide
and sperm competition. When male mate guarding is effective, copulation calls allow females to concentrate paternity in dominant
males and benefit from their protection against the risk of infanticide. When mate guarding is ineffective, copulation calls
may bring genetic benefits to females through facilitation of sperm competition. We present a quantitative model in which
interspecific variation in females' promiscuity predicts their tendency to use copulation calls in conjunction with mating.
The model predicts that in species with little female promiscuity, copulation calls should be rare and exhibited only in association
with mating with dominant males. In species in which females are highly promiscuous, copulation calls should be frequent and
unrelated to male dominance rank. The limited data available to test the model support its main predictions as well as the
predicted relation between copulation calls and male dominance rank.
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Dario MaestripieriEmail: |
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Malik Vivek Singh Singh Manvi Pradhan Pranita Singal Kusum Agarwal Amit Chauhan Anil Sra Harnoor Singh Meenu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(25):37556-37564
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Exposure to lead among children, as well as adults, is a major global health issue. With diverse routes of exposure (e.g., food, air, and water)... 相似文献
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Pradhan Arijit Arif Md. Reyaz Afzal Mohammad Saud Gazi Ainal Hoque 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2022,22(6):1307-1331
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - An analysis of forces for flow around an elliptic cylinder at low Reynolds number has been presented in this work. The finite-volume based open source code OpenFOAM... 相似文献