改性活性炭对水中铬离子(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

为了研究改性前后活性炭对水中铬离子(Ⅵ)的吸附效果,以磷酸活性炭(PAC)为原料,用10%硝酸改性得到硝酸改性活性炭(N-PAC)及直接蒸发法载铁改性得到载铁活性炭(Fe-PAC)。通过静态吸附研究表明,改性后活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率有较大提高。在常温、自然pH条件下,0.2 g活性炭处理50 mL浓度为100 mg/L的含Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,N-PAC和Fe-PAC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率分别为79.21%和90.59%,都高于原PAC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率49.58%。pH从2.2升高到11.92,Fe-PAC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率从99.86%降低到14.77%,N-PAC则从99.86%降低到3.23%,PAC从97.05%降低到2.53%。温度从25℃升高到70℃,3种活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附率都有较大提高,都增加到98%以上。且吸附过程较符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

Classification and comparison of municipal solid waste based on thermochemical characteristics

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has been normally sorted into six categories, namely, food residue, wood waste, paper, textiles, plastics, and rubber. In each category, materials could be classified further into subgroups. Based on proximate and ultimate analysis and heating value, statistical methods such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis were applied to analyze the characteristics of MSW in every subgroup and to try to distinguish their relative properties. The chemical characteristics analysis of MSW showed that polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) had the highest volatile matter content, with almost no ash and fixed carbon, while polyethylene terephthalate (PET) had high carbon content but low hydrogen content. Bones and vegetables had the highest ash content, while nutshells and rubber had the highest fixed carbon content. Paper and starch food had the highest oxygen content, and wool and bones had the highest nitrogen and sulfur content. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) had the highest chlorine content at about 55%. PE, PP, and PS had the highest heating value, followed by chemical products such as rubber and chemical fiber. Conversely, paper, vegetables and bones had the lowest heating value. The results of cluster analysis of MSW components showed that fruit peel, weeds, wood, bamboo, leaves and nutshells could be classified as the lignocellulose category; starch food, cotton, toilet paper, printing paper and cardboard could be classified as the glucose monomer category; wood and chemical fiber could be classified as the high nitrogen and sulfur category; and PE, PP, and PS could be cluster as the polyolefin category.

Implications: The yield of municipal solid waste (MSW) is constantly increasing and waste to energy (WTE) has been used extensively all over the world. During the processes of incineration, pyrolysis, or gasification, the impact of physical and chemical properties of MSW is of great significance. However, the traditional classification of MSW is too general to provide more detailed information in many investigations. It is necessary to perform the investigation of characteristics of combustible MSW to distinguish different categories of MSW and find out their subclassification.     

钛基金属氧化物电极的制备及性能

采用聚合物前驱体法制备了Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃电极,再通过恒电流电沉积法制备了 Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂和Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/MnO₂电极。采用SEM技术对3种金属氧化物电极表面的形貌进行了表征,并分别以3种电极为阳极进行了苯酚的电催化氧化实验。实验结果表明：电解时间为2.5 h时,Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃电极、Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂电极和Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/MnO₂电极对苯酚的降解率分别为85.9%,83.2%,44.6%;苯酚在3种电极上的电催化氧化反应均遵循一级反应动力学方程;苯酚在Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃ 电极和Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂电极上的反应速率较快,并具有较高的析氧电位;Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃/PbO₂电极具有更好的耐腐蚀性和更长的使用寿命。     

石化行业的VOCs排放控制管理

概述了我国挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的排放情况。介绍了国内外VOCs的管理现状。分析了国内石化行业VOCs排放控制管理中存在的主要问题以及污染物排放过程的类别。提出了明确定义、制定相关标准、完善分类管理体系、研究最佳的可行性控制技术等加强VOCs排放控制管理的对策和建议。     

Comparison of lignin peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase for catalyzing the removal of nonylphenol from water

Concentrations of aqueous-phase nonylphenol (NP), a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical, are shown to be reduced effectively via reaction with lignin peroxidase (LiP) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide. We systematically assessed their reaction efficiencies at varying conditions, and the results have confirmed that the catalytic performance of LiP toward NP was more efficient than that of HRP under experimental conditions. Mass spectrum analysis demonstrated that polymerization through radical–radical coupling mechanism was the pathway leading to NP transformation. Our molecular modeling with the assistance of ab initio suggested the coupling of NP likely proceeded via covalent bonding between two NP radicals at their unsubstituted carbons in phenolic rings. Data from acute immobilization tests with Daphnia confirm that NP toxicity is effectively eliminated by LiP/HRP-catalyzed NP removal. The findings in this study provide useful information for understanding LiP/HRP-mediated NP reactions, and comparison of enzymatic performance can present their advantages for up-scale applications in water/wastewater treatment.     

微波再生载苯酚活性炭过程中再生产物分析

研究了载氮气和无载气2种条件下,微波再生载苯酚活性炭过程中再生产物的成分和苯酚随再生过程的去向分布。结果表明,无载气时,微波功率越高,再生反应器内温度越高,吸附质的高温裂解反应越彻底,再生产物以挥发性气体为主,有机质种类很少;而当微波功率较低或载氮气再生时,反应器内温度相对较低,苯酚难以被彻底分解,再生产物中含多种复杂的链状或环状有机物。此外,载氮气时,经气提、挥发而去除的苯酚量约占总吸附量的一半,再生炭上无苯酚残留,活性炭吸附性能可完全恢复乃至优化;无载气时,经挥发而去除的苯酚量只有19.9%,其余大量苯酚则在微波作用下裂解或缩合为其他物质随尾气而去除,且再生炭上仍有少量苯酚未被解吸出来。因此,前者活性炭再生的效果优于后者。     

低碳沼气工程建设的生态经济效益核算研究——以广西恭城瑶族自治县为例

在全球气候变暖和快速城市化的背景下,农村地区是能源集约消耗的薄弱区域,其经济、社会、生态的可持续发展一直受到制约。沼气工程作为一种清洁用能方式,在优化用能结构、减少环境污染、节约自然资源、增加农民收入和促进农村经济转型等方面具有较大优势。本文选择广西恭城瑶族自治县这一沼气工程建设全国示范县为案例,针对户用8m3沼气池,对施工建设、运营维护和消费利用全生命周期过程中的碳足迹、减排效益、经济收益和生态价值方面进行核算和评价。结果表明在沼气池的建设与正常使用年限内,该县农户通过替代燃煤、柴薪和秸秆等共可减排CO2约1.24×106t。从户用沼气池建设及生产过程的投入产出价值的来看,仅通过节约炊事燃料和沼液沼渣的回收利用就能为每户节约19 877元,为全县带来1.26亿余元的总收益。因此,沼气工程在该地区的建设普及是发展农村低碳经济、走富农之路的有效措施,可为广大西部地区新农村建设提供借鉴。     

The Optimal Depletion of Exhaustible Resource under Different Commitment

There are few papers in the literature focusing on the issue of the optimal depletion of exhaustible resources in the framework of variable time preference. This paper attempts to analyze the pure consumption of exhaustible resource under hyperbolic time preference, and to discuss the optimal depletion rate and the effect of the protection of the exhaustible resource under different commitment abilities. The results of model show that the case of the hyperbolic discount with the full commitment of the government is equivalent to the case of constant discount of the social planner problem. In that case, the optimal depletion rate and the initial consumption of exhaustible resource are the slowest. On the contrary, they are the highest and the myopic behaviors lead to excessive consumption of exhaustible resources inevitably without commitment. Otherwise, in the case of partial commitment, the results are between the cases of full commitment and of no commitment. Therefore, with the hyperbolic time preference, the optimal depletion rate of resource depends on the commitment ability. Higher commitment ability leads to lower effective rate of time preference, and consequently, lower depletion rate and lower initial depletion value. The improvement of commitment ability can decrease the impatience and myopia behaviors, and contribute to the protection of the exhaustible resources.     

自然灾害社会脆弱性评估研究——以上海市为例

基于投影寻踪聚类模型(PPC),结合基于实数编码的加速遗传算法(RAGA),对上海市进行了自然灾害社会脆弱性评估的尝试。结果表明:①灾害社会脆弱性最高的为崇明县,其次为宝山区和金山区;②灾害社会脆弱性最低的是黄埔区,其次是徐汇区和静安区;③总体而言,灾害脆弱性较低的地区集中于上海城市中心区,而城市边缘区的社会脆弱性一般较高。