固载化瓜环的制备及其对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶的吸附性能研究

在微波无极灯下将烯氧基瓜环固载到巯基硅胶(MSG)上,制得固载化瓜环(ACB[6]-SG).通过红外光谱表征固载产物,并研究固载化瓜环对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)的吸附性能.结果表明,SMM在固载化瓜环上的吸附基本在2 min内即可达到平衡;Henry方程和Freundlich方程均能较好地拟合SMM在固载化瓜环和巯基硅胶上的等温吸附曲线,但是SMM在固载化瓜环上的吸附主要是在瓜环中的分配,而SMM在巯基硅胶上的吸附则主要是多分子层的表面吸附作用;SMM在固载化瓜环上的平衡吸附量远大于在巯基硅胶上的平衡吸附量;SMM在两者上的吸附过程是一个放热过程,温度越低吸附效果越好.     

磺胺甲噁唑对猪粪堆肥过程中堆料性质与酶活性的影响

以猪粪、小麦秸秆为材料,研究了磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）对高温堆肥过程中理化性质（温度、pH值、E₄/E₆）和酶活性（纤维素酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶）的影响.结果表明：SMZ对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关.高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ会对微生物活性产生显著抑制作用,表现出堆肥温度难以达到无害化标准,堆料pH值较低（<9.0）.但高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ能激活多酚氧化酶活性,且水提浸液E₄/E₆值较低.在堆肥过程中,SMZ对纤维素酶和脲酶活性呈现出“抑制-激活-抑制”的作用,50 mg·kg^-1的SMZ对纤维素酶产生不同程度的激活作用.相比之下,脲酶活性对SMZ的敏感性比纤维素酶更敏感,5 mg·kg^-1的SMZ即能显著抑制脲酶活性,中浓度（50 mg·kg^-1）的SMZ对碱性磷酸酶活性产生了显著的抑制作用.综上,SMZ通过影响酶活性而影响堆肥过程的物质转化.此外,SMZ浓度越大,种子发芽指数越低.当SMZ≥50 mg·kg^-1时,堆肥难以腐熟而对植物毒性较大.     

新型生物质活性炭烟气脱硫研究

以农业废弃物核桃壳为原料,天然软锰矿为添加剂共混制备得到的新型生物质柱状活性炭进行烟气脱硫的性能研究.采用固定床反应器进行脱硫实验,装填活性炭质量为16 g,考察了进口SO2含量、空速、床层温度、水蒸气和氧气含量等工艺参数对活性炭脱硫性能的影响.结果表明,进口SO2含量在0.1%～0.3%(体积含量)范围内时,活性炭的穿透硫容和穿透时间随着进口SO2含量的升高而降低;空速越大,活性炭越容易穿透,较佳的空速为600 h-1;最适的床层温度为80℃,过高会降低脱硫效率;水蒸气和氧气的存在大大促进了活性炭对SO2的吸附性能,最佳水蒸气含量为10%,最佳氧气含量为10%～13%.在最佳工艺操作条件下,当进口SO2含量为0.2%时,活性炭穿透硫容为252 mg.g-1,穿透时间可达26 h.     

天然有机物的相对分子质量分布及亲疏水性对微滤膜组合工艺中膜污染的影响

研究采用混凝沉淀+粉末活性炭吸附+高锰酸钾+浸没式微滤膜的组合工艺对太湖水进行中试试验,通过高效凝胶色谱(HPSEC-UV-TOC)和三维荧光(3DEEM)的测定方法,着重考察有机物的相对分子质量(Mr)分布和亲疏水性对膜不可逆污染的影响.凝胶色谱分析表明:预处理可几乎完全去除大分子有机物(Mr>10×103),但仅能去除部分的中等分子(10×103>Mr>1×103)和小分子(Mr<1×103)有机物.研究发现化学清洗水中的有机物相对分子质量多为中等分子和小分子,说明导致膜不可逆污染的主要是中等分子和小分子有机物.此外,洗膜水中强疏和中性亲水组分含量远高于弱疏和极性亲水,说明强疏和中性亲水组分是不可逆污染的主要物质.三维荧光分析表明,芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物产物是造成膜不可逆污染的主要污染物.     

Adsorption of lead on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outer diameters and oxygen contents: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

The effects of different outer diameters and surface oxygen contents on the adsorption of heavy metals onto six types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in an aqueous solution and lead was chosen as a model metal ion. The results indicated that the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of lead remarkably increased with decreasing outer diameter due to larger specific surface area (SSA). The SSA-normalized maximum adsorption capacity (qm /SSA) and SSA-normalized adsorption coefficient (Kd /SSA) were strongly positively correlated with surface oxygen content, implying that lead adsorption onto MWCNTs significantly increases with the rise of oxygen content and decreases with decreasing SSA. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of lead on MWCNTs was endothermic and spontaneous. When the oxygen content of MWCNTs increased from 2.0% to 5.9%, the standard free energy (△ G0 ) became more negative, which implied that the oxygenated functional groups increased the adsorption affinity of MWCNTs for lead. Through calculation of enthalpy (△ H0 ), G0 and free energy of adsorption (Ea ), lead adsorption onto MWCNTs was recognized as a chemisorption process. The chemical interaction between lead and the phenolic groups of MWCNTs could be one of the main adsorption mechanisms due to highly positive correlations between the phenolic groups and K d /SSA or q m /SSA.     

不同Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥异化铁还原及除磷影响研究

以SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用兼性厌氧/严格厌氧恒温培养试验,投加不同Fe(Ⅲ)考察各条件下的异化铁还原能力同时比较对磷的去除效果.结果表明:2种条件下Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力具有较好的一致性,依次为:Fe(OH)3＞氧化铁皮＞青矿＞红矿,其中严格厌氧条件下较好.同时,除磷效果与其呈正相关,富集培养至7d,Fe(OH)3及氧化铁皮体系出水磷浓度均达到2mg/L以下,之后继续降低,最终达到0.5mg/L以下.结合异化铁还原除磷机理,可以证明,不同Fe(Ⅲ)表面吸附作用对TP的去除贡献较小,其主要作用为铁还原菌驱动下的化学沉淀去除.     

Supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol and desizing wastewater：Influence of NaOH on the organic decomposition

Polyvinyl alcohol is a refractory compound widely used in industry. Here we report supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol solution and desizing wastewater with and without sodium hydroxide addition. However, it is difficult to implement complete degradation of organics even though polyvinyl alcohol can readily crack under supercritical water treatment. Sodium hydroxide had a significant catalytic effect during the supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol. It appears that the OH ion participated in the C-C bond cleavage of polyvinyl alcohol molecules, the CO2-capture reaction and the neutralization of intermediate organic acids, promoting the overall reactions moving in the forward direction. Acetaldehyde was a typical intermediate product during reaction. For supercritical water oxidation of desizing wastewater, a high destruction rate (98.25%) based on total organic carbon was achieved. In addition, cases where initial wastewater was alkaline were favorable for supercritical water oxidation treatment, but salt precipitation and blockage issues arising during the process need to be taken into account seriously.     

基于熵权的长沙市城市生态安全综合评估与预测

城市是一个社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,区域资源与城市自然系统是城市社会经济发展的重要基础和载体。城市生态安全评估是对未来的安全状态进行预测,以实现城市的可持续发展。文章以长沙市为例,在城市生态安全主要影响因素识别的基础上,应用PSR模型、熵权法等建立城市生态安全评估指标及计算方法,研究了长沙市近11年来生态安全的变化趋势。研究结果表明,1999-2009年间长沙生态安全的趋势由较不安全向较安全状态发展,生态安全值从25.4提高到60.7,人文环境响应是长沙生态安全改善的主导因素,资源环境压力,水土资源保持是限制长沙市生态安全的主要因素。     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。