试论新形势下的我国环境保护科研计划管理

通过国内外环境科研管理的分析,划分了环境管理与科研的层次,指出科研计划管理是联系管理与科研的纽带。提出在深入改革的形势下,科研管理需进一步加强宏观调控,并就环境管理、准决策研究、基础研究三个层次的联系与运行以及科研分领域系统管理,科研经费管理的多元化与项目设置的计划滚动效应和建立技术支持的专家系统等提出了看法。以求实现科学比管理,切实发挥科研第一生产力的作用,达到科研为管理服务的目的。     

空气提升内循环生物流化床反应器动力学研究

进行了空气提升内循环生物流化床反应液体内循环速度,有机的降解动力学,载体表面生物膜脱落与增工动力学的研究,结果表明,内循环生物硫化内不速度分别与反应器高度及升流区表观气速ｕｇ０．５次方成正比,当内循环流量很大时,反应器可视为ＣＳＴＲ;生物膜的脱降率分别与ｕｇ及膜厚δ的次方,载体数量的２／３次方成正比。     

两相厌氧条件下升流式污泥床的起动和污泥颗粒化

一、引言 荷兰Wageningen农业大学Lettinga,G等在七十年代发展的升流式污泥床(UASB)由于处理效果显著而引人注目,但升流式污泥床的起动过程需时长、难度大,颗粒污泥的培养更是艰巨,污泥颗粒化的机理也不十分清楚,因此探索污泥颗粒化的机理和条件是发展这种装置所必须解决的问题。本实验就是探索在以活性高、沉降性差的细小絮状污泥作种子污泥、采用两相厌氧工艺时升流式污泥床的起动和颗粒污泥的培养问题。     

影响三沟式氧化沟脱氮效果的2个重要参数

运行周期中反硝化运行和硝化运行的时间比ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ是平衡处理系统反硝化,硝化能力的重要参数,实验室条件下分别比较了ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ为０．２７,０．４０,０．４７,０．７５和１．０的５种不同组合的运行效果。结果表明,当ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ为０．４０时,即硝化能力略大于反硝化潜能时,脱氮效果最好。     

曝气生物滤池处理生活污水试验

曝气生物滤池具有体积小、处理效率高等特点。研究结果表明,曝气生物滤池处理生活污水在０．５３ｍ／ｈ的水力负荷下,ＢＯＤ５、ＣＯＤ、ＳＳ、ＮＨ４－Ｎ和ＴＮ的平均去除率９５．３％、９２．６％、９６．７％、９１．８５％和８５．１％,平均出水浓度分别为３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ、２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ、１．７ｍｇ／Ｌ和４．３ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

含膦羧酸共聚物的阻垢缓蚀剂在燃煤电厂灰水回收系统稳定处理的应用研究

本文总结介绍了含膦羧酸共聚物ＴＳ－６１７组份的阻垢缓蚀剂的在灰水回收系统中稳定处理的实验方法及情况。     

聚乙烯及其废料油化技术中催化剂的研制与性能研究

本文研究了几种自制催化剂对聚乙烯热解产物的催化改质作用,催化反应温度与催化剂性质对催化改质所得气体收率及组成、汽油收率及辛烷值、柴油收率以及催化剂积碳的影响,探讨了适合聚乙烯及其废料热解产物催化改质的催化剂应具备的特性及热解产物在催化剂上反应的类型,同时探讨了本研究对废塑料油化技术的指导作用。应用此催化剂液体收率可达８０％以上,汽油辛烷值为８２（ＲＯＮ）。     

烷基苯磺酸钠对水生动物的生物效应研究

本文通过洗涤剂的主要成分—烷基苯磺酸钠对大型蚤和鲤鱼的毒性试验,说明烷基苯磺酸钠的毒性属中等。对大型蚤２４ｈＥＣ５０为７．２３ｍｇ／Ｌ,４８ｈＥＣ５０为３．８３ｍｇ／Ｌ;对鲤鱼４８ｈＬＣ５０为３．７４ｍｇ／Ｌ,９６ｈＬＣ５０为２．２３ｍｇ／Ｌ。鲤鱼生活在０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的烷基苯磺酸钠溶液中,１５ｄ就能引起鳃的损伤。     

生态修复:从民事法律责任到行政法律义务

生态修复是救济生态环境损害的方式,或体现为民事法律责任,或体现为行政法律义务.作为民事法律责任的生态修复体现了以环境权为权源通过民事法律规范以司法途径救济生态环境损害的救济方式,作为行政法律义务的生态修复体现了"行政命令+行政处罚+代履行"的生态环境损害救济方式.将生态修复作为民事法律责任是目前的主流做法,但将生态修复...     

Mechanism and characterization of microplastic aging process: A review

● Methods for estimating the aging of environmental micro-plastics were highlighted. ● Aging pathways & characterization methods of microplastics were related and reviewed. ● Possible approaches to reduce the contamination of microplastics were proposed. ● The prospect and deficiency of degradable plastics were analyzed. With the increasing production of petroleum-based plastics, the problem of environmental pollution caused by plastics has aroused widespread concern. Microplastics, which are formed by the fragmentation of macro plastics, are bio-accumulate easily due to their small size and slow degradation under natural conditions. The aging of plastics is an inevitable process for their degradation and enhancement of adsorption performance toward pollutants due to a series of changes in their physiochemical properties, which significantly increase the toxicity and harm of plastics. Therefore, studies should focus on the aging process of microplastics through reasonable characterization methods to promote the aging process and prevent white pollution. This review summarizes the latest progress in natural aging process and characterization methods to determine the natural aging mechanism of microplastics. In addition, recent advances in the artificial aging of microplastic pollutants are reviewed. The degradation status and by-products of biodegradable plastics in the natural environment and whether they can truly solve the plastic pollution problem have been discussed. Findings from the literature pointed out that the aging process of microplastics lacks professional and exclusive characterization methods, which include qualitative and quantitative analyses. To lessen the toxicity of microplastics in the environment, future research directions have been suggested based on existing problems in the current research. This review could provide a systematic reference for in-depth exploration of the aging mechanism and behavior of microplastics in natural and artificial systems.