生态修复植物蜈蚣草中砷的回收

采用管式炉高温热解-NaOH-Na₂CO₃混合液碱浸-CuSO₄·5H₂O沉淀的方法回收生态修复植物蜈蚣草中的砷,最终得到产品砷酸铜。该方法的最佳工艺条件为：热解温度600 ℃,热解时间30 min,CaO加入量（CaO与蜈蚣草的质量比）8%; m（NaOH）∶m（Na₂CO₃）=1∶3,碱浸温度70 ℃, 碱浸时间2 h, 固液比1∶10; 沉淀反应pH 5, 沉淀反应温度70 ℃。采用该方法处理生态修复植物蜈蚣草,得到产品砷酸铜的纯度为93%,砷回收率达88%。     

矿区炼金废渣的固化/稳定化处理

通过对金矿矿区炼金废渣的酸中和能力、净产酸量及浸出毒性实验,测定了废渣的产酸潜力及重金属砷、镉、铅、锌的总量和它们的浸出量。为了合理处置矿区炼金废渣,并为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支持,采用石灰、粉煤灰、堆肥化污泥作为添加剂对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理;通过浸出毒性实验对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析,试图寻求一种最佳的稳定剂。结果表明,无论是单独添加石灰、粉煤灰或者堆肥化污泥还是两两组合混合添加,样品浸出液的pH都有升高,As、Cd的浸出浓度都有明显下降,而且两两组合添加比单独添加的固化/稳定化处理效果更好。在两两组合添加中,粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥的处理效果最好,浸出液的pH值达到7.82,As、Cd的浸出率分别下降72.0%和72.2%。说明粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥处理炼金废渣效果最佳,同时具有以废治污的资源化生态效能。     

荔枝皮对重金属Ni~(2+)的吸附性能

采用批量实验研究了荔枝皮对水中重金属Ni2+吸附的影响因素(如接触时间、pH和吸附剂量)、吸附等温线、吸附动力学和吸附热力学等,并讨论了其吸附机理。结果表明,未改性荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮对Ni2+的吸附平衡时间均为30min;最适pH为6.0~7.0;最佳吸附剂量均为20 g/L。吸附过程均能用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型来很好地描述,且均符合假二次动力学模型。改性荔枝皮和未改性荔枝皮对Ni2+的最大比吸附量分别为11.88和5.19 mg/g。此外,热力学研究结果表明,未改性荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮吸附Ni2+均属于非自发的放热过程。     

非溶解态物质对苏州市景观水体表观污染的影响

景观功能已成为我国城市水体的主体功能,随着城市水体污染的加剧,这一功能也难以得到保障;识别城市景观水体表观污染物质的存在状态,有利于对景观水体表观污染的成因、形成机制进行深入研究,从而可以为景观水体表观污染的预警、防控和工程治理提供技术支撑。对苏州30条河道广域采集200组水样,用0.45μm滤膜抽滤去除水样中非溶解态物质,对比抽滤前后水样的浊度、色度,结果表明,非溶解态物质是引起水体浊度、色度的主要原因;对比极端黄色水样抽滤前后的浊度、色度,并对悬浮物的高锰酸盐指数(Im)进行测定,结果表明,造成黄色水体表观污染的主要是沙粒、粘土等无机非溶解态物质;对比抽滤前后极端黑色水体中硫化物及极端深绿色水体中的叶绿素a(Chla)的含量,结果表明,这些表观污染物质主要以非溶解态的形式存在;极端水体的测定分析证实了城市景观水体表观污染主要由非溶解态物质造成。     

BDD电极阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液

实验研究了电化学技术阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,比较了不同阳极种类、电流密度和极板间距对污染物降解的影响。结果表明,掺硼金刚石(boron-doped diamond,BDD)薄膜电极作为阳极,比钛基镀钌铱(Ti-RuO2-IrO2)和钛基镀铂(Ti-Pt)电极作为阳极时,有机物的矿化更为迅速。选用BDD电极作为阳极,不锈钢电极作为阴极,随着电流密度的增加(10~100 mA/cm2),TOC去除率随之提高,极板间距的改变(2~12 mm)对TOC的降解影响较小。BDD阳极氧化6 h后,浓缩液的TOC去除率达到94%。研究表明,BDD电极阳极氧化技术可有效地处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,可将其应用于高毒性难生物降解的有机废水的处理工艺中。     

航空煤油精制工艺的产污对比及防治措施

对国内外常用的两种航空煤油（简称航煤） 精制工艺——加氢工艺和非加氢工艺进行了介绍,结合各自的工艺流程对“三废”排放情况进行了分析,并提出了相应的污染防治措施。分析结果表明：与加氢工艺相比,非加氢工艺相对简单,对反应的控制要求较低;两种工艺排放的废气和废水基本相同,包括酸性水、含油废水和酸性气等;非加氢工艺产生的废渣量远大于加氢工艺,除包括加氢工艺产生的废催化剂和废瓷球外,还包括废白土、废岩盐和废脱酸吸附剂等;航煤精制工艺的有组织排放污染物可通过酸性水汽提装置和硫磺回收装置进行处理,废渣由原生产厂家回收或按性质分类送往符合资质的相应渣场处理。     

两相厌氧工艺处理高浓度丙烯酸生产废水

利用两相厌氧工艺处理高浓度丙烯酸生产废水。实验结果表明：在较高进水COD和容积负荷的条件下,系统具有良好、稳定的处理效果;在负荷提高及稳定运行阶段,将生活污水与丙烯酸生产废水的体积比调整为5∶1,容积负荷最大提高至12.3 kg/（m3·d）,两相厌氧反应器可长期稳定运行,总COD去除率基本维持在90%以上,出水COD小于323 mg/L;当进水甲醛质量浓度为800~1 733 mg/L时,总甲醛去除率基本稳定在95.6%~99.3%;在负荷提高及稳定运行阶段,水解酸化相反应器和产甲烷相反应器的出水pH分别为6.2~7.6和7.6~8.1,出水总碱度分别为1 220~1 820 mg/L和1 800~2 620 mg/L。     

Emergy-based comparative analysis on industrial clusters: economic and technological development zone of Shenyang area,China

In China, local governments of many areas prefer to give priority to the development of heavy industrial clusters in pursuit of high value of gross domestic production (GDP) growth to get political achievements, which usually results in higher costs from ecological degradation and environmental pollution. Therefore, effective methods and reasonable evaluation system are urgently needed to evaluate the overall efficiency of industrial clusters. Emergy methods links economic and ecological systems together, which can evaluate the contribution of ecological products and services as well as the load placed on environmental systems. This method has been successfully applied in many case studies of ecosystem but seldom in industrial clusters. This study applied the methodology of emergy analysis to perform the efficiency of industrial clusters through a series of emergy-based indices as well as the proposed indicators. A case study of Shenyang Economic Technological Development Area (SETDA) was investigated to show the emergy method’s practical potential to evaluate industrial clusters to inform environmental policy making. The results of our study showed that the industrial cluster of electric equipment and electronic manufacturing produced the most economic value and had the highest efficiency of energy utilization among the four industrial clusters. However, the sustainability index of the industrial cluster of food and beverage processing was better than the other industrial clusters.     

Influence of the composition and removal characteristics of organic matter on heavy metal distribution in compost leachates

Compost leachates were collected to investigate the influence of the composition and removal of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), humic-like substances (HSs), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) on heavy metal distribution during the leachate treatment process. The results showed that acetic and propionic acids accounted for 81.3 to 93.84 % of VFAs, and that these acids were removed by the anaerobic-aerobic process. Humic- and fulvic-like substances were detected by excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis, and their content significantly decreased after the anaerobic and membrane treatments. DON in compost leachates ranged from 26.53 mg L^-1 to 919.46 mg L^-1, comprised of dissolved free amino acids and the protein-like matter bound to humic- and fulvic-like substances, and was removed by the aerobic process. Correlation analysis showed that Mn, Ni, and Pb were bound to VFAs and protein-, fulvic-, and humic-like substances in the leachates. Co was primarily bound to fulvic- and humic-like matter and inorganic sulfurs, whereas Cu, Zn, and Cd interacted with inorganic sulfur.