基于多时相遥感数据的典型区生态格局变化分析

利用1985、2000、2013年遥感影像提取的土地覆盖数据,通过景观格局指数、动态度计算、转移矩阵等,分析1985—2013年我国典型地区各类型生态系统景观格局及其动态变化特征、生态系统相互转化时空变化特征等,揭示1985—2013年生态环境格局变化的特点和规律:一级分类生态系统综合变化率,赣江、闽江、白龙江和岷江上游流域分别为4.7%、3.9%、3.3%和1.7%,生态系统变化强度1985—2000年较缓,2000—2013年更剧烈。1985—2013年典型区生态系统的主要转化方向具有持续性和双向性特征,岷江、白龙江和赣江上游流域退耕还林还草政策效果明显,出现较高比例的耕地转为森林和草地;面积占67.4%生态系统类型变化与耕地生态系统和人工表面生态系统变化有关;生态系统变化具有明显的区域差异,生态变化主要表现为沿主要河流谷地的线状延伸,主要城镇居民点附近生态系统类型变化较为突出,人类活动是典型地区生态系统类型格局变化的主要驱动力;典型区尤其是敏感区应加大退耕还林还草政策,减少人类经济活动,降低洪水泥石流灾害发生的概率和程度。     

2017~2022年环渤海地区代表性城市臭氧时空分布特征及气象条件的影响

近年来环渤海地区城市环境空气臭氧（O₃）污染问题引起广泛关注.在对2017~2022年环渤海地区代表性城市东营市O₃浓度时空分布特征进行分析的基础上,评估了气象因素及海陆风环流对O₃浓度的影响.结果表明：①2017~2022年,东营市O₃年评价值呈波动上升趋势,以O₃为首要污染物的污染天数增加. O₃污染主要出现在春夏秋三季,其中5~6月最为严重,且O₃污染季持续时间变长. O₃浓度日最大8 h滑动平均值（MDA8 O₃）的月际变化呈双峰分布,第5和25百分位数增加明显,空间分布呈现“南北高,中部低”的特征.此外,近年来东营市夜间O₃浓度也表现出明显增加的趋势. ②气象因素对东营市O₃浓度变化有较大影响.在温度 > 30℃、相对湿度 < 50%、风向为西南偏南或东北偏东时易出现O₃高值.研究期间东营市气象因素贡献了MDA8 O₃变化的30%;在O₃中度污染与重度污染的情况下,气象因素对MDA8 O₃变化的贡献率可高达40%. ③海陆风对O₃超标日的发生具有一定贡献.海陆风日午后O₃浓度比非海陆风日高20 μg·m^-3左右.在O₃中度及重度污染日,海陆风日10：00~16：00的O₃浓度比非海陆风日O₃浓度高,且20：00~23：00 O₃浓度也处于较高水平.可见海陆风能够显著影响沿海地区城市O₃浓度,为该地区的O₃污染防控带来极大的挑战.建议未来环渤海地区城市进一步加强区域O₃污染联防联控联治,加大氮氧化物和挥发性有机物的减排力度,以减少陆风气团中污染物浓度,从而降低海风气团对环渤海地区城市空气质量的影响.     

机载产品日历寿命定寿方法研究进展及展望

联系我国飞机飞行现状,分析了机载产品日历寿命控制的必要性.根据文献记载,简要介绍了航空机载产品日历寿命定寿方法的发展历程,分析了目前机载产品日历寿命定寿方法研究的现状,归纳了3类主要的机载产品日历寿命传统定寿方法,并讨论了各类方法的优点与不足.针对传统定寿方法存在的问题,整理了近年来发展的机载产品日历寿命定寿方法的代表性成果,介绍了3种近年来才发展的机载产品日历寿命定延寿方法的具体过程.客观地综述了我国机载产品日历寿命研究存在的短板与弱项,以及日历寿命研究亟需发展的方向.为使机载产品日历寿命定寿方法研究跟上时代发展的步伐,更经济高效地服务在役飞机寿命控制,对未来机载产品日历寿命研究提出了展望.     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺生物脱氮评介

本文阐述了亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化两种工艺的生物脱氮原理及研究现状，对亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮工艺和传统生物脱氮工艺从适用条件、曝气量、反应器容积、污泥产量等角度进行了分析和比较，为后续生物脱氮工艺的研究和选择提供借鉴，并展望了生物脱氮技术的发展方向和研究重点。     

离子色谱法同时测定有机和无机阴离子

用离子色谱法同时测定有机阴离子和无机阴离子，实验中采用一种新型高容量分离柱，灵敏度高，选择性好。讨论了最佳实验条件的选择测定了Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－，ＳＯ４＾２－，ＮＯ２＾－，ＳｅＯ３＾２－、Ｃ２Ｏ４＾２－、甲酸奶和乙酸根等阴离子，并且分析了沈阳地区雪样中的几种阴离子。     

扬水曝气技术在水源水质改善中的应用

扬水曝气技术是新开发的水质改善技术,用于混合上下水层、控制藻类生长、增加水体溶解氧、抑制底泥污染物释放.将该技术应用于某水源地,其提水效率达到同类设备--同温层曝气器的两倍;控制了水体表层的藻类数量,抑制了藻类的生长,将藻类叶绿素a含量降低了13.96%.扬水曝气技术的适用条件:用于控制藻类生长时,水深应不小于10 m;用于抑制底泥污染物释放时,水体应存在溶解氧小于1～2 mg/L的厌氧条件.     

Arsenic species and leachability in the fronds of the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.)

Arsenic speciation is important not only for understanding the mechanisms of arsenic accumulation and detoxification by hyperaccumulators, but also for designing disposal options of arsenic-rich biomass. The primary objective of this research was to understand the speciation and leachability of arsenic in the fronds of Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.), an arsenic hyperaccumulator, with an emphasis on the implications for arsenic-rich biomass disposal. Chinese brake was grown for 18 weeks in a soil spiked with 50 mg As kg(-1) as arsenate (AsO4(3-)), arsenite (AsO3(3-)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), or methylarsonic acid (MMA). Plant samples were extracted with methanol/water (1:1) and arsenic speciation was performed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The impacts of air-drying on arsenic species and leachability in the fronds were examined in the laboratory. After 18 weeks, water-soluble arsenic in soil was mainly present as arsenate with little detectable organic species or arsenite regardless of arsenic species added to the soil. However, arsenic in the fronds was primarily present as inorganic arsenite with an average of 94%. Arsenite re-oxidation occurred in the old fronds and the excised dried tissues. Arsenic species in the fronds were slightly influenced by arsenic forms added to the soil. Air-drying of the fronds resulted in leaching of substantial amounts of arsenic. These findings can be of significance when looking at disposal options of arsenic-rich biomass from the point of view of secondary contamination.     

Synthesis of Li-doped bismuth oxide nanoplates,Co nanoparticles modification,and good photocatalytic activity toward organic pollutants

Abstract

Lithium-doped bismuth oxide nanoplates with the thickness of 50–150?nm and tetragonal bismuth oxide, monoclinic lithium bismuthate phases have been synthesized via a simple hydrothermal process using lithium acetate and sodium bismuthate as the raw materials. Cobalt nanoparticles modified lithium-doped bismuth oxide nanoplates hybrids were obtained by an in situ photo-deposition route. The cobalt nanoparticles-modified nanoplates hybrids display significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity toward gentian violet compared with the nanoplates. Gentian violet solution can be totally degraded by the hybrids within 60?min under ultraviolet–visible light irradiation. The superior photocatalytic activity of the cobalt nanoparticles modified nanoplates hybrids originates from the superior charge transfer capacity and the energy band structure of the hybrids. The excellent photocatalytic performance makes the cobalt nanoparticles modified nanoplates hybrids a promising candidate as the photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.     

Exploring the abundance and influencing factors of antimicrobial resistance genes in manure plasmidome from swine farms

Plasmids play a critical role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), however, a systematical understanding of ARGs originated from plasmids in swine production is currently lacking. Herein, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to determine the prevalence of ten ARGs and the class1 integron gene intI1 of plasmid source in swine manure from 44 farms in Sichuan, Hubei and Hebei provinces, China. All assayed ARGs were observed in plasmid DNA samples, and the average absolute abundance of aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla_NDM, bla_CTX-M, optrA, ermB, floR, mcr-1, qnrS, tetM, sul1 and intI1 were 7.09, 2.90, 4.67, 6.62, 7.55, 7.14, 4.08, 4.85, 7.16, 7.11 and 8.07 of 10 log copies/gram, respectively. IntI1 showed a high correlation (r > 0.8, P < 0.01) with the abundance of aac(6’)-Ib-cr and sul1 in swine manure. Moreover, the farm scale (i.e., herd population) and geographical location were not found to be critical factors influencing the absolute abundance of ARGs of plasmid DNA in swine farms. However, the concentrations of florfenicol, Cu, Zn, Fe, total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) demonstrated a significant correlation with the abundance of several ARGs. Particularly, Cu and Zn had high correlations with optrA and bla_CTX-M, respectively. Our results demonstrated that antibiotics, heavy metals and environmental nutrients are likely jointly contributing to the long-term persistence of ARGs in swine production. This study provides insights into the abundance and influencing factors of ARGs from swine manure, which is of significance for assessing and reducing the public health risks in livestock production.     

Role of interfacial electron transfer reactions on sulfamethoxazole degradation by reduced nontronite activating H2O2

It has been documented that organic contaminants can be degraded by hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) produced by the activation of H₂ O₂ by Fe(II)-bearing clay. However, the interfacial electron transfer reactions between structural Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 for • OH generation and its effects on contaminant remediation are unclear. In this study, we first investigated the relation between • OH generation sites and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation by activating H₂O₂ using nontronite with different reduction extents. SMX (5.2–16.9 μmol/L) degradation first increased and then decreased with an increase in the reduction extent of nontronite from 22% to 62%, while the • OH production increased continually. Passivization treatment of edge sites and structural variation results revealed that interfacial electron transfer reactions between Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 occur at both the edge and basal plane. The enhancement on basal plane interfacial electron transfer reactions in a high reduction extent rNAu-2 leads to the enhancement on utilization efficiencies of structural Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 for • OH generation.However, the • OH produced at the basal planes is less efficient in oxidizing SMX than that of at edge sites. Oxidation of SMX could be sustainable in the H 2 O 2 /rNAu-2 system through chemically reduction. The results of this study show the importance role of • OH generation sites on antibiotic degradation and provide guidance and potential strategies for antibiotic degradation by Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals in H 2 O 2 -based treatments.