关于促进环保产业发展的经济政策研究

中国目前的经济、政策环境及环保市场决定了环保产业正迎来快速发展的良好契机,但现有对环保产业的经济扶持政策还不完善,存在刺激力度不大、范围较窄、资金缺口大且来源单一等问题。为解决目前中国环保产业所面临的一系列"瓶颈"问题,下一步,应重点从财政、税收、金融以及价格收费等4个方面入手,完善对环保产业的经济扶持政策,直接或间接刺激其快速发展,使其成为支柱性产业。     

太湖表层沉积物重金属的分布、来源与生态风险评价

对2010年太湖表层沉积物样品进行pH、温度、氧化还原电位、含水率、孔隙度、粒径、总磷和烧失量这8种理化指标和Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Ba、Mn、Co和V这9种重金属含量测定分析.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物重金属含量大小为：Mn>Ba>Zn>Cr>V>Ni>Pb>Cu>Co,且各重金属含量均超过背景值,这9种重金属与太湖流域地质作用紧密相连,同时也受到了不同程度人类活动的影响.通过聚类分析和重金属空间分布分析可知,北太湖段和南太湖段重金属含量均从湖岸向湖心有所减少,西太湖段重金属含量从湖岸向湖心有所增高,湖心区重金属含量分布相对均匀.通过相关性分析可知,不同重金属在不同程度上具有正相关性,反映其具有同一污染来源.通过PCA和PMF分析可知,太湖重金属来源多样,交通和工业复合源是最主要的来源,成岩作用是第二主要来源,农业是第三主要来源.此外,收集分析了2000~2020年太湖表层沉积物重金属的污染情况,通过重金属地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数可知,Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Pb的污染程度和潜在生态风险均呈下降趋势.这为太湖今后的重金属污染控制提供了有力的理论支撑.     

State all-driver distracted driving laws and high school students' texting while driving behavior

Objective: Texting while driving is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Texting while driving can significantly increase the risk of road crashes and is associated with other risky driving behaviors. Most states have enacted distracted driving laws to prohibit texting while driving. This study examines effects of different all-driver distracted driving laws on texting while driving among high school students.

Methods: High school student data were extracted from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Distracted driving law information was collected from the National Conference of State Legislatures. The final sample included 6,168 high school students above the restricted driving age in their states and with access to a vehicle. Logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios of laws on texting while driving.

Results: All-driver text messaging bans with primary enforcement were associated with a significant reduction in odds of texting while driving among high school students (odds ratio = 0.703; 95% confidence interval, 0.513–0.964), whereas all-driver phone use bans with primary enforcement did not have a significant association with texting while driving (odds ratio = 0.846; 95% confidence interval, 0.501–1.429).

Conclusions: The findings indicate that all-driver distracted driving laws that specifically target texting while driving as opposed to all types of phone use are effective in reducing the behavior among high school students.     

纳米TiO_2/聚糠醛复合材料NTP的制备及其光催化活性

以糠醛和纳米TiO2为前驱物制备了TiO2/共轭高分子复合材料NTP,并通过TEM、XRD和UV-Vis等技术对其进行了表征。结果表明,NTP为具有活性基团和不同长度共轭链的高分子,其中聚糠醛与TiO2以Ti-O-C相键合;该复合材料对光的吸收拓宽至整个紫外-可见光区。在自然光照射及空气氧存在的温和条件下,前驱物(mg(TiO2):ml(Furfural)=1:80)经350℃热处理30 mins制得的TiO2/P复合材料于1 min内可将所给定染料废水彻底降解褪色。     

Degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate by the synergistic effect of persulfate and zero-valent iron during a mechanochemical process

This study revealed a dual pathway for the degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate (TCPP) by zero-valent iron (ZVI) and persulfate as co-milling agents in a mechanochemical (MC) process. Persulfate was activated with ZVI to degrade TCPP in a planetary ball mill. After milling for 2 h, 96.5% of the TCPP was degraded with the release of 63.16, 50.39, and 42.01% of the Cl^?, SO₄^2?, and PO₄^3?, respectively. In the first degradation pathway, persulfate was activated with ZVI to produce hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, and ZVI is oxidized to Fe(II) and Fe(III). A substitution reaction occurred as a result of the attack of ·OH on the P–O–C bonds, leading to the successive breakage of the three P–O–C bonds in TCPP to produce PO₄^3?. In the second pathway, a C–Cl bond in part of the TCPP molecule was oxidized by SO₄·^? to carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The P–O–C bonds continued to react with ·OH to produce PO₄^3?. Finally, the intermediate organochloride products were further reductively dechlorinated by ZVI. However, the synergistic effect of the oxidation (·OH and SO₄·^?) and the reduction reaction (ZVI) did not completely degrade TCPP to CO₂, resulting in a low mineralization rate (35.87%). Moreover, the intermediate products still showed the toxicities in LD₅₀ and developmental toxicant. In addition, the method was applied for the degradation of TCPP in soil, and high degradations (>?83.83%) were achieved in different types of soils.

     

A comparative study on sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by chars, ash and carbon nanotubes

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), as one of emerging contaminants, has been attracting increasing concerns in recent years. Sorption of PFOS by maize straw- and willow-derived chars (M400 and W400), maize straw-origin ash (MA) as well as three carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was studied in this work. The sorption kinetics of PFOS by the six adsorbents was well fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. CNTs reached equilibrium in 2 h, much faster than those by chars (384 h) and ash (48 h). According to the sorption isotherms, both single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and MA had high sorption capacities (over 700 mg g⁻¹), while the two chars had low sorption capacities (below 170 mg g⁻¹) caused by their small BET surface area. In the case of MA, due to its positively charged surface, both hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction involved in the sorption, and the formation of hemi-micelles further favored the sorption. This study suggested that SWCNT and MA were effective adsorbents for PFOS removal from water. Compared to SWCNT, MA is low cost and easy to obtain, so it could be a preferred adsorbent for PFOS removal.     

丹东市大气污染特征及原因

丹东市大气污染具有鲜明的季节特征,采暖季市区内SO2污染较重,沙尘天气和大风天气时PM10测值较大,尘污染较重,除夕燃放鞭炮造成SO2和PM10严重污染;燃煤锅炉是造成SO2污染的主要来源;逆温、静风等不利气象条件是大气污染的决定性因子。     

面向人体暴露评价的植物中抗生素分析进展

抗生素通过动物粪便或生物固体的施用、再生水灌溉进入农业土壤后可以被蔬菜和粮食作物吸收,从而引起人体的被动暴露。为了评估抗生素对人体暴露的健康风险,需要基于植物样品,发展灵敏、稳定且针对性强的分析方法。本文综述了植物样品中抗生素残留分析的研究进展,重点介绍了样品提取、净化等前处理方法及其仪器分析方法,并对植物样品中抗生素分析的研究方向进行了展望。     

污灌区土壤-棉花系统中铊的分布特征

通过对位于华北平原北部,河北省与天津市接壤处的污灌区土壤-棉花(Gossypium spp.)系统进行实地调查,分样区采集耕作层土壤样品、土壤剖面样品和棉花全植株样品,运用Element2型高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定土壤样品中Tl的质量分数和形态,以及棉花不同组织中T1的质量分数,结果显示:在土壤剖面中,T1质量分数依次为表土层(0～20 cm)>心土层(20～40 cm)>底土层(40-60 cm),表明污水灌溉使T1在表土层有所累积;在表土层中,T1的质量分数在0.257～0.420mg·kg-1之间,与研究区T1背景值(0.330 mg·kg-1)相比,个别样点有明显增高的趋势,T1的形态特征为残余态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态≥水溶态>铁锰结合态,较高的有机结合态表明长期污灌导致表土层中有机质含量增加,使得T1易于在表土层积累;在棉花植株各组织中,T1的质量分数在3.5～78.6 μg·kg-1之间,其分布规律为根系>果壳>茎杆>籽粒>纤维.研究表明,T1主要分布于污灌区土壤-棉花系统中的表土层、棉花根系、茎杆和果壳等生态分室中;棉花植株对T1的平均吸收系数为2.477,其中棉花根系对土壤中T1的平均吸收系数达6.186,因此,棉花对重金属的输出作用减缓了土壤中T1的积累速度,可以有效降低T1对土壤污染的风险.     

Identifying critical failure factors of green supply chain management in China’s SMEs with a hierarchical cause–effect model

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Compared to large companies, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in China are more likely to fail in developing green supply chain management...