Ti-天然沸石的钛掺杂取代法制备、表征和光催化性能

以酸处理脱铝后信阳天然斜发沸石为载体,硫酸钛、钛酸正丁酯和四氯化钛为钛源,分别采用浸渍法和气相法制备出钛掺杂沸石光催化剂。采用X-射线衍射和傅立叶红外光谱分析了沸石酸处理及钛取代前后结构。结果表明,80℃下,4 mol/L盐酸处理10 h后沸石结构发生了显著变化,但仍保持Al-O-Si骨架结构。红外光谱结果证明Ti4+与沸石形成稳定的Ti-O-Si键。在以300 W紫外灯为光源进行罗丹明B脱色反应,考察了含钛沸石的光催化活性。初始浓度为80 mg/L,光照1.5 h后罗丹明B的去除率为98.18%。     

Nocturnal NO3 radical chemistry in Houston,TX

Radical chemistry in the nocturnal urban boundary layer is dominated by the nitrate radical, NO₃, which oxidizes hydrocarbons and, through the aerosol uptake of N₂O₅, indirectly influences the nitrogen budget. The impact of NO₃ chemistry on polluted atmospheres and urban air quality is, however, not well understood, due to a lack of observations and the strong impact of vertical stability of the boundary layer, which makes nocturnal chemistry highly altitude dependent.Here we present long-path DOAS observations of the vertical distribution of the key nocturnal species O₃, NO₂, and NO₃ during the TRAMP experiment in Summer 2006 in Houston, TX. Our observations confirm the altitude dependence of nocturnal chemistry, which is reflected in the concentration profiles of all trace gases at night. In contrast to other study locations, NO₃ chemistry in Houston is dominated by industrial emissions of alkenes, in particular of isoprene, isobutene, and sporadically 1,3-butadiene, which are responsible for more than 70% of the nocturnal NO₃ loss. The nocturnally averaged loss of NO_x in the lowest 300 m of the Houston atmosphere is ～0.9 ppb h^?1, with little day-to-day variability. A comparison with the daytime NO_x loss shows that NO₃ chemistry is responsible for 16–50% of the NO_x loss in a 24-h period in the lowest 300 m of the atmosphere. The importance of the NO₃ + isoprene/1,3-butadiene reactions implies the efficient formation of organic nitrates and secondary organic aerosol at night in Houston.     

浙江省辐射环境监测现状及对策研究

辐射环境是生态环境的重要组成部分,核与辐射环境安全是国家环境安全的重要内容.详述了目前浙江省辐射环境监测网络的建设情况,以及对核设施、铀矿及伴生矿放射性污染源、核技术运用、电磁辐射环境、辐射应急等进行辐射环境监测的情况,分析了存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的对策,为浙江省辐射环境监管提供技术支撑和科学依据,同时也对全国辐射环境监测和管理具有积极的指导意义.     

Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish samples from rivers and estuaries in Taiwan

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively over the past two decades as flame retardants in many types of polymers, and have been found to be a class of contaminants of concern. Measurements of PBDEs in various environmental matrices from Sweden, Holland, Japan, North America, and elsewhere have been reported. We report data of PBDEs in fish samples taken from six rivers and three estuaries in Taiwan. Seven PBDE congeners were observed in all sixty samples. BDE-47 was found to be the dominant congener in all waters, and BDE-154 contributed more than BDE-99 and BDE-100. Nonetheless, BDE-154 and BDE-183 were the predominant congeners in some species studied. These results are somewhat different from those from other countries, where the pattern is typically BDE-47 > 99 >100 >154, 153, and is postulated to be due to the extensive use of octa-BDE rather than penta-BDE in Taiwan. The average concentration distribution across all samples of the sum of PBDE congeners ranged from 30.6 ng/g lipid to 281 ng/g lipid. The concentrations of PBDEs in fishes reported here are higher than those reported from European countries, but lower than those from the United States.     

Copper uptake by four Elsholtzia ecotypes supplied with varying levels of copper in solution culture

The effects of copper (Cu) on the yield and Cu uptake of three ecotypes of Elsholtzia splendens and one of Elsholtzia argyi were studied using solution culture. Three Cu concentrations were compared: 0.31 (control), 50 and 100 micromol L(-1). Although E. argyi took up more Cu in the aboveground parts, typical visual symptoms of Cu toxicity appeared when the plants grew in 50 and 100 micromol Cu L(-1). In contrast, plants from all three populations of E. splendens showed high Cu tolerance and substantial shoot Cu accumulation of 58-144 mg kg(-1). Shoot Cu concentrations were about 16-27 times higher than root Cu concentrations. Root-to-shoot ratio of the E. argyi ecotype was halved when Cu was supplied at a level of 100 mg L(-1) compared to the control (0.31 mg L(-1)) but the ratio increased by 6-47% in the three E. splendens ecotypes. The increase in root-to-shoot ratio in E. splendens may be a mechanism by which the plants can tolerate high Cu concentrations. There were few differences in morphology among the three E. splendens ecotypes in response to added Cu. The results are discussed in relation to the possible use of E. splendens as a pioneer species in the phytostabilization of Cu-contaminated soils.     

中国水利水电工程开发与区域可持续发展

本文论述了中国水利水电工程开发与区域可持续发展的关系,并提出了中国实现可持续的水利水电工程开发的主要对策。     

活性炭纤维在机动车尾气净化中的研究与应用展望

机动车尾气净化控制的一个难点在于冷启动阶段,此时由于温度较低,催化剂尚未完全起作用,导致排出的污染物浓度较高。阐述了活性炭纤维的基本特性,特别是其低温吸附与催化性能对NO和CO的转化作用,讨论了活性炭纤维作为机动车尾气净化材料所需的改性及方法,并展望了其应用前景。     

Watering techniques and zero-valent iron biochar pH effects on As and Cd concentrations in rice rhizosphere soils, tissues and yield

Zero-valent iron amended biochar (ZVIB) has been proposed as a promising material in immobilizing heavy metals in paddy fields. In this study, the impacts of pH of ZVIB (pH 6.3 and pH 9.7) and watering management techniques (watering amount in the order of CON (control, 5/72)>3/72>1–3/72>3/100>1/72, with 5/72, for example, representing irrigation given to 5 cm above soil surface in 72 hr regular interval) on As and Cd bioavailability for rice and its grain yield (Yield_BR) were investigated in a pot experiment. Brown rice As (As_BR) content was irrelative to the watering treatments, while significantly decreased (>50%) with the addition of both ZVIB materials. The diminutions of brown rice Cd (Cd_BR) content as well as the Yield_BR were highly dependent on both the soil amendment materials’ pH and watering amount. Among all the watering treatments, 3/72 treatment (15% less irrigation water than the CON) with ZVIB 6.3 amendment was the optimum fit for simultaneous reduction of As_BR (50%) and Cd_BR contents (19%) as well as for significant increment (12%) of the Yield_BR. Although high pH (9.7) ZVIB application could also efficiently decrease As and Cd contents in brown rice, it might risk grain yield lost if appropriate (e.g. 3/72 in our study) watering management technique was not chosen. Therefore, ZVIB would be an environmentally friendly option as an amendment material with proper selection of watering management technique to utilize As and Cd co-contaminated arable soils safely for paddy cultivation.     

3种复合铁基钝化剂对黔西南高砷土壤的修复效果研究

为研究不同复合铁基钝化剂对黔西南高砷(As)土壤修复效果,筛选出钝化土壤砷和抑制水稻籽粒砷富集效果较好的复合铁基钝化剂,以期为黔西南高砷背景土壤的修复和管理提供科学依据。本文以黔西南某矿区耕地高砷土壤为研究对象进行水稻盆栽实验,分析了3种市售复合铁基钝化剂(复合型铁基生物炭(A)、铁基生物炭(B)和铁基腐殖酸钾(C))在不同用量(0.67g/kg、1.34g/kg、2.68g/kg、5.36g/kg)下土壤有效态砷、土壤中砷的各种结合态以及水稻籽粒砷含量的变化。结果表明,三种复合铁基钝化剂的施加可不同程度的提高土壤pH和钝化土壤砷,其中钝化剂C在5.36g/kg施用量下效果最好,钝化率为26.2%;各处理均使土壤砷的赋存形态发生一定的改变,均不同程度的降低了非专性吸附态、专性吸附态及无定形和弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态的砷,其中钝化剂A和B主要是向结晶铁铝氧化物结合态砷转变,C处理主要向残渣态砷转变;各处理均显著抑制了水稻精米砷含量,相比对照组,复合钝化剂A在1.34g/kg施用量下大米对As的富集作用最弱,降低率为48.6%;因为土壤砷钝化率不能完全表征水稻对砷的富集能力,其不宜作为土壤砷修复的唯一考察指标,因此土壤修复评估时应综合考虑土壤钝化率及水稻籽粒对砷累积的综合影响。     

3种复合铁基钝化剂对黔西南高砷土壤的修复效果研究

为研究不同复合铁基钝化剂对黔西南高砷（As）土壤修复效果,筛选出钝化土壤砷和抑制水稻籽粒砷富集效果较好的复合铁基钝化剂,以期为黔西南高砷背景土壤的修复和管理提供科学依据。本文以黔西南某矿区耕地高砷土壤为研究对象进行水稻盆栽实验,分析了3种市售复合铁基钝化剂（复合型铁基生物炭（A）、铁基生物炭（B）和铁基腐殖酸钾（C））在不同用量（0.67 g/kg、1.34 g/kg、2.68 g/kg、5.36 g/kg）下土壤有效态砷、土壤中砷的各种结合态以及水稻籽粒砷含量的变化。结果表明,三种复合铁基钝化剂的施加可不同程度的提高土壤pH和钝化土壤砷,其中钝化剂C在5.36 g/kg施用量下效果最好,钝化率为26.2%;各处理均使土壤砷的赋存形态发生一定的改变,均不同程度的降低了非专性吸附态、专性吸附态及无定形和弱结晶铁铝氧化物结合态的砷,其中钝化剂A和B主要是向结晶铁铝氧化物结合态砷转变,C处理主要向残渣态砷转变;各处理均显著抑制了水稻精米砷含量,相比对照组,复合钝化剂A在1.34 g/kg施用量下大米对As的富集作用最弱,降低率为48.6%;因为土壤砷钝化率不能完全表征水稻对砷的富集能力,其不宜作为土壤砷修复的唯一考察指标,因此土壤修复评估时应综合考虑土壤钝化率及水稻籽粒对砷累积的综合影响。