磷酸改性生物炭负载硫化锰去除废水中重金属镉

采用磷酸作为活化剂对黍糠生物炭进行改性,得到富含活性官能团的功能性生物炭（fCBC）,并将其作为硫化锰（MnS）的载体,最终成功制备出硫化锰负载的磷酸改性生物炭（MnS-fCBC）,可用于水体中镉（Cd）的高效去除.系统评价了初始浓度、初始pH值以及MnS-fCBC投加量对于吸附反应的影响. MnS-fCBC表现出优越的吸附Cd的能力,在初始Cd浓度为200mg/L、pH=6和投加量1g/L的条件下,MnS-fCBC对于Cd的吸附容量最大,达145.15mg/g.吸附反应受pH值影响显著,在偏酸性条件下能取得较好的去除效果.通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）和拉曼光谱仪（Raman）对MnS-fCBC进行结构表征分析,结合批次试验探讨了Cd的去除机理.结果表明,表面络合和化学沉淀是Cd去除的主要机理.材料的回用性能试验显示,在5次循环使用后,材料依然有较高的Cd去除能力,表明其具有较高的可重用性.因此,MnS-fCBC可作为一种高效的Cd吸附剂,应用于含Cd废水处理.     

巢湖沉积物重金属污染生态风险评价及来源解析

为掌握巢湖沉积物中重金属污染现状并定量解析其来源,采用定点采样的方法获得了巢湖沉积物2015～2017年Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd、As、Hg等重金属数据,使用反距离加权插值法和风险评价编码法研究了上述重金属的空间分布特征及潜在生态风险,并应用PMF模型解析了其重金属来源,结果表明:巢湖沉积物中As三年含量均值超过了GB15618中规定的碱性水田土壤风险筛选值,而Zn生物可利用形态占比高,生态潜在风险大;巢湖沉积物中各类金属的空间分布与周边交通线位置相契合,主要表现出东西高中部低的状态,巢湖沉积物中总重金属主要来自交通源(43%)、自然源(27%)、农业源(18%)、工业源(12%),交通源贡献最大、自然源占比高于农业源和工业源,表明当前巢湖正处于城市化初始阶段,其重金属污染水平较低。但随着城市化规模的扩大及程度的加深,巢湖沉积物中重金属污染存在逐年加剧的风险。     

基于FRAM-AHP法的公务航空飞行事故分析

为了有效分析公务航空飞行事故的主要原因,利用改进后的功能共振事故模型(FRAM)对公务航空飞行事故进行系统和量化分析。建立了功能共振事故模型,通过层次分析法(AHP)对功能模块上游功能输出和下游功能输入端的表型进行量化分析,根据权重来识别上下游主要的表型,从而找到功能模块间的失效连接,确定事故主要原因。利用该模型对某公务航空飞行事故进行分析,确定了导致事故的主要原因为公务机场保障能力不足、机组疏忽大意、飞行部教学训练大纲缺失、飞行部QAR译码能力不足、机务航前检查不足、机组起飞决策不当等。研究表明,FRAM-AHP法可以为公务航空飞行事故进一步分析提供技术支持。     

乙二醇流淌火燃烧特性及围堵性能研究

为研究乙二醇流淌火燃烧蔓延特性,利用自行设计的流淌火试验平台,开展了乙二醇流淌火实体试验,研究了试验过程中火焰温度、前锋移动、火焰高度等典型参数变化规律。同时,为实现流淌火的有效蔓延控制,开发酚醛泡沫材料模拟乙二醇流淌火围堵处置,评价其围堵效能。结果表明:乙二醇流淌火燃烧速度缓慢,火焰温度低于池火温度;酚醛泡沫材料对可燃液体流淌火展现出较好耐火、阻隔作用,对液体危化品的泄漏围堵具有积极实践意义。     

Rivals or allies: How performance‐prove goal orientation influences knowledge hiding

Previous research suggests that performance‐prove goal orientation is positively related to knowledge hiding. However, we argue that this effect depends on the focus of performance feedback (i.e., individual‐ and group‐focused feedback), which shapes the nature of the competitive expression of performance‐prove goal orientation (i.e., intragroup and intergroup oriented). We conducted three studies to test our theoretical model. The results of Study 1 with time‐lagged data from 128 part‐time MBA students showed that performance‐prove goal orientation was positively related to knowledge hiding when performance feedback focused more (vs. less) on individual performance but was negatively related to knowledge hiding when performance feedback focused more (vs. less) on group performance. Study 2 replicated these moderation findings in an experimental study of 210 undergraduate students. Study 3 again replicated the moderation effects using multisource data from 317 employees and their supervisors. It also included creativity as an outcome of knowledge hiding and illustrated the distal consequence of the moderation effects of individual‐ and group‐focused performance feedback. We then discussed the implications for the theory and practice of performance‐prove goal orientation and knowledge hiding.     

伊犁尼勒克黄土石英颗粒微形态特征及其成因与物源意义

石英颗粒表面微形态分析是判断沉积物成因和来源的重要方法之一。对伊犁盆地尼勒克黄土石英颗粒表面微形态特征进行了研究,并将其与冰川、河流、沙漠样品进行比较,结果表明尼勒克黄土石英颗粒磨圆较差,冰川和水流作用的微形态特征明显,系近源风力搬运沉积。通过对比分析讨论了石英粉砂的可能产生机制,认为流水和寒冻风化作用为伊犁黄土的形成提供了重要动力来源。尼勒克黄土的物质来源和匈牙利黄土类似,而与黄土高原黄土有较大差别,这主要表现在经受风力搬运-沉积的次数上或者风力搬运的距离上。该研究为解译伊犁地区黄土的古气候环境意义提供了重要基础。     

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas(CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0–10 km/hr were increased to 10–20 km/hr, the CO_2, CO, nitrogen oxide(NO_x), and total hydrocarbon(THC) emission factors decreased by(71.6 ± 4.3)%,(65.6 ± 9.5)%,(64.9 ± 9.2)% and(67.8 ± 0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards(Euro Ⅳ) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro Ⅱ emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0–10 km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO_2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most(by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%.     

Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals

Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of a(NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. At p H 7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03 mg/g was achieved at 15°C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold months, and increased notably to 1.31 mg/g at 35°C.Under both acidic conditions(part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions(negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion of PO43-and HPO42-), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited. Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by 0.25 mol/L Na OH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0 k J/mol, indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability, NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary treated wastewater in the filtration process.     

北京城市发展对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为研究城市发展对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,以北京市建成区为例,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析不同环路内3种类型绿地(居民区内绿地、街道边绿地、公园内绿地)土壤微生物群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明:二环内各绿地类型土壤微生物群落的AWCD(average well color development,平均颜色变化率)相对较高,分别为1.107、1.192、1.007,表明其土壤微生物群落代谢活性较高,利用碳源能力较强,其他环路土壤微生物群落利用碳源能力相对较弱;其中,各绿地类型土壤微生物群落对羧酸类碳源的利用能力最弱.城市环路梯度下居民区对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响相对较大;街道对土壤微生物群落功能多样性无显著影响(或者城市环路梯度下街道边绿地土壤微生物群落功能多样性趋同);四环～五环公园内绿地土壤微生物群落功能多样性与其他环路之间存在显著差异.对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力进行主成分分析的结果显示,居民区内绿地、街道边绿地、公园内绿地提取的与土壤微生物碳源利用相关的主成分累积贡献率分别为86.79%、87.09%、84.92%,对主成分分离起主要作用的碳源主要是氨基酸类、糖类、多聚物类和羧酸类物质.冗余分析(RDA)表明,pH、土壤含水量是影响土壤微生物群落代谢能力和功能多样性的主要因素.城市绿地类型和环路因子对土壤微生物利用碳源分异存在一定影响,但对碳源代谢能力变异的解释量(5.91%)低于土壤理化因子的解释量(16.26%).研究显示,城市环路对土壤微生物功能多样性产生一定影响,但各环路街道边绿地土壤微生物功能多样性无显著差异,并且二环内、二环～三环、三环～四环各绿地类型土壤微生物多样性也无显著差异,说明城市发展可能使土壤微生物群落功能多样性趋于同质化.      

改性聚氨酯海绵的合成及其油水分离性能

以膨胀石墨与氧化锌为原料,采用复合改性法改性聚氨酯海绵,在硅烷偶联剂的作用下,用月桂酸的醇溶液表面修饰后制备出改性聚氨酯海绵. 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与接触角测定仪进行表征,对改性聚氨酯海绵的吸油、吸水及循环使用性能进行了测定,并试验获得了最佳的油水分离条件. 结果表明:改性聚氨酯海绵具有良好的疏水超亲油性,在膨胀石墨分散液与氧化锌胶体溶液体积比为1∶1时,对于质量浓度为20 g/L的机油水溶液,饱和单位吸油量最高可达17.7 g/g,对机油的选择性吸附系数为10.41,油水分离效果最佳;在选择吸附过程中,15 min以内油水分离效率就能达到78.41%;改性聚氨酯海绵每次循环利用后,单位吸油量的减幅均低于7.3%,循环使用性能良好. 研究显示,该种改性聚氨酯海绵对油水体系中的油类具有很好的选择性,吸附完成后,经过简单的挤压将油回收后即可循环利用,具有便捷、高效、循环、无二次污染的特性.