Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.     

双酚A对青岛大扁藻的干扰效应

为了探讨双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)对海洋微藻的生态毒性效应,实验选择了以青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica)作为受试物种,设置6个实验浓度(即0、2、4、6、8、10 mg·L-1)对微藻进行了96 h暴露处理,测定了不同浓度暴露下对青岛大扁藻的生长以及抗氧化系统酶活性等指标。研究结果表明,BPA对青岛大扁藻的96h-EC50为9.32 mg·L-1,属高毒类污染物。青岛大扁藻经过BPA暴露处理后,细胞密度下降,细胞色素含量降低,并且呈现明显的剂量-效应关系;细胞抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均受到干扰。     

急性毒性藻红外测试中敏感藻的确定方法

敏感藻是指在急性毒性藻红外测试中对毒物响应的温差大、时间快、种类多、剂量低的特殊藻类.自然藻中是否存在敏感藻以及如何确定,是建立藻红外测试法的关键.为此,开展了敏感藻确定方法的探索性研究.试验用8种藻,重金属、有机毒物、农药各10种进行测试分析,结果表明:短线脆杆藻(Fragilaria brevistriata)对重金属、羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)对有机毒物、纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)对除草剂和杀虫剂、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)对杀菌剂的平均绝对温差分别为0.21℃、0.27℃、0.19～0.20℃、0.20℃,分别高出各自的总均温差0.07℃、0.15℃、0.07℃、0.08℃;4种藻的平均响应时间1.5～7.0min,较好响应药品的响应率≥80%;发光细菌对部分药品的灵敏度在0.07～50.0mg·L-1,而4种藻对相同药品的灵敏度在0.01～7.0mg·L-1.根据敏感藻定义和试验结果,确定短线脆杆藻、羊角月牙藻、纤细裸藻、水华鱼腥藻分别为重金属、有机毒物、除草剂和杀虫剂、杀菌剂的敏感藻.     

黄淮海湿地系统典型挺水植物对水华藻类的化感效应

利用植物的化感作用可抑制有害藻类生长,控制水华发生,改善水质.文章在考察黄淮海湿地系统的基础上,选取典型挺水植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和香蒲(Typha latifolia),用0.1×Hoagland完全培养液进行种植,利用其种植水培养湿地典型水华藻类--铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz)和鱼腥藻(Anabeana Bory),研究菖蒲和香蒲的种植水对铜绿微囊藻和鱼腥藻生长的影响,评价挺水植物对水华藻类的化感效应.结果显示:菖蒲种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用较强;而香蒲种植水对鱼腥藻的抑制作用较强,但是对铜绿微囊藻的生长却有促进作用.结果表明两种挺水植物的种植水都含有影响水华藻类生长的化感物质.进一步的研究表明,两种植物种植水对以上两种藻类生长的影响具有显著的体积比浓度效应.因此,保护和恢复湿地挺水植物群落对改善水环境具有重要作用,但利用挺水植物化感效应进行水体环境净化时,应按水体中有害藻类的类型合理选择植物种类.     

Biological conversion pathways of sulfate reduction ammonium oxidation in anammox consortia

• The SRAO phenomena tended to occur only under certain conditions. • High amount of biomass and non-anaerobic condition is requirement for SRAO. • Anammox bacteria cannot oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor. • AOB and AnAOB are mainly responsible for ammonium conversion. • Heterotrophic sulfate reduction mainly contributed to sulfate conversion. For over two decades, sulfate reduction with ammonium oxidation (SRAO) had been reported from laboratory experiments. SRAO was considered an autotrophic process mediated by anammox bacteria, in which ammonium as electron donor was oxidized by the electron acceptor sulfate. This process had been attributed to observed transformations of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in natural environments. Results obtained differed largely for the conversion mole ratios (ammonium/sulfate), and even the intermediate and final products of sulfate reduction. Thus, the hypothesis of biological conversion pathways of ammonium and sulfate in anammox consortia is implausible. In this study, continuous reactor experiments (with working volume of 3.8L) and batch tests were conducted under normal anaerobic (0.2≤DO<0.5 mg/L) / strict anaerobic (DO<0.2 mg/L) conditions with different biomass proportions to verify the SRAO phenomena and identify possible pathways behind substrate conversion. Key findings were that SRAO occurred only in cases of high amounts of inoculant biomass under normal anaerobic condition, while absent under strict anaerobic conditions for same anammox consortia. Mass balance and stoichiometry were checked based on experimental results and the thermodynamics proposed by previous studies were critically discussed. Thus anammox bacteria do not possess the ability to oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor and the assumed SRAO could, in fact, be a combination of aerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox and heterotrophic sulfate reduction processes.     

三维人脸建模中面部特征点的提取

根据人脸结构、人脸特征的提取方法、人脸建模中特征轮廓线的提取步骤.提出一种基于彩色Snake模型和人脸先验知识的面部特征轮廓线提取算法,并将其用于真实感的三维人脸建模过程中.图3,参5.     

Urea formation from carbon dioxide and ammonia at atmospheric pressure

Urea synthesis, currently the largest use of carbon dioxide in organic synthesis, is conventionally operated at high pressure and high temperature. Here, we report for the first time that urea forms at atmosphere and ambient temperatures by negative corona discharge in gas phase. The conversion of CO₂ and yields of a solid mixture of urea and ammonium carbamate, which was identified by the ¹³C NMR spectrum, rise with reducing temperatures and increasing molar ratios of NH₃/CO₂ and discharge frequencies. The conversion of carbon dioxide was found to be 82.16?% at 20?°C and 1?atm with a molar flow ratio of n(NH₃)/n(CO₂) of 2.5. High pressure and high temperature as energy inputs are not necessary.     

程海藻类植物种群结构和数量的周年变化特征

2009年10月—2010年9月,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,对程海藻类植物进行了逐月采样调查。结果表明：程海藻类植物种类175种（变种）,种类组成结构特点以硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻为主;数量组成结构特点则是蓝藻占绝对优势,表现出典型的富营养化蓝藻型特征。细胞丰度为390.16×104~51 435.0×104个.L-1之间,年平均4 851.75×104个.L-1。年内时间分布呈现出3次波峰与3次波谷,每一次高峰的出现都伴随着不同种类为主的蓝藻水华暴发;水平分布在种类上无明显差异,数量上则表现出南部断面最低,中部断面次之,北部断面最高;垂直分布以表层最多,底层最低,5.0~20.0 m水柱中差异不明显。与1985年相比,种类组成中硅藻比重下降而蓝绿藻比重上升,一些对环境敏感的种类消失,优势种群发生演变,年内数量变动由单峰型发展为多峰型,湖泊富营养化进一步发展。提出了大力削减入湖污染物、增强湖泊生态系统的功能等控制富营养化的对策建议。     

矿区工业旅游资源开发的SWOT分析——以四川省嘉阳煤矿为例

随着矿区矿产资源的枯竭,大多数矿区正在积极寻求可持续的发展道路。矿区工业旅游资源的开发利用,将从一个全新的角度促进矿区的可持续发展。在理解矿区工业旅游内涵及意义的基础上,借助SWOT分析法,对四川省嘉阳煤矿工业旅游资源的优势、劣势、机遇及威胁进行了全面分析,以期为嘉阳矿区工业旅游资源的开发利用和对嘉阳矿区社会经济的可持续发展提供参考依据。     

钻井液化学剂可生物降解性研究

实验测定了16种钻井液化学剂的BOD_5和COD_cr，并计算其BOD_5／COD_cr比值。提出了以BOD_5／COD_cr的比值划分钻井液化学剂可生物降解性的分级标准，并对16种钻井液化学剂的可生物降解性进行分级，为其应用提供依据。