典型稻田土壤真菌群落结构及多样性对比

为了解中国主要稻作区内不同母质发育的稻田土壤真菌群落结构和多样性差异,本研究选取由砖红壤、红壤、盐碱土、黑土和紫色土发育而来的5种中国典型稻田土壤为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术对土壤真菌群落组成及多样性进行对比分析.结果表明：5种典型稻田土壤的含水量、pH值、盐度及容重差异显著（P<0.05）;从Chao1指数来看,稻田土壤真菌群落丰度红壤型 > 黑土型 > 砖红壤型 > 紫色土型 > 盐碱土型.从ACE指数来看,群落丰度黑土型 > 红壤型 > 砖红壤型 > 紫色土型 > 盐碱土型.Shannon指数和Simpson指数均表现为群落多样性黑土型 > 紫色土型 > 红壤型 > 砖红壤型 > 盐碱土型;5种典型稻田土壤真菌门水平相对丰度最高的均是子囊菌门（Ascomycota）;砖红壤型和红壤型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）,紫色土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属、枝鼻菌属（Cladorrhinum）和柄孢壳属（Zopfiella）,黑土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属和明梭孢属（Monographella）,盐碱土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为瓶头霉属（Phialocephala）;石黄衣属（Xanthoria）、Cyberlindnera、青霉菌属（Penicillium）和Westerdykella的相对丰度与土壤pH值呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,Ceroophora的相对丰度与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;帚枝霉属（Sarocladium）的相对丰度与可溶性有机碳呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.以上研究表明,稻田真菌的群落结构和多样性受稻田开垦前土壤类型的影响,真菌物种丰度和优势菌种类型对土壤理化性质变化的响应较为敏感.     

不同DN与PN-ANAMMOX耦合工艺处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液的微生物群落分析

为了推进厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX）脱氮工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理方面的应用,在某垃圾填埋场建立了不同反硝化（denitrification,DN）与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（partial nitrification-ANAMMOX,PN-ANAMMOX）耦合模式的中试反应器处理垃圾渗滤液,探讨其耦合模式对脱氮及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺可以将DN耦合入PN-ANAMMOX进行脱氮,但随着渗滤液中有机物浓度的增加,DN+（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺的PN区的需氧量增加,Nitrosomonadaceae科菌的富集受到限制.而NO₂^--N的供给不足进一步导致ANAMMOX区Brocadiaceae科微生物的富集也受到限制,总氮去除速率（total nitrogen removal rate,TNRR）停留在0.44 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1.而在DN-（PN-ANAMMOX）工艺中,具有反硝化能力的Saprospiraceae科菌在DN区富集,有机物主要在DN区被降解去除,为后续PN-ANAMMOX提供了良好的低碳环境.Nitrosomonadaceae科及Brocadiaceae科菌在相应的PN区及ANAMMOX区得到富集,反应器的TNRR和总氮去除率（total nitrogen removal efficiency,TNRE）也进一步提升至0.55 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和94.65%,实现了对NH₄⁺-N和有机物浓度分别为2233 mg ·L^-1和2712 mg ·L^-1渗滤液的直接处理.其中Candidatus Kuenenia菌更能适应高基质浓度的渗滤液水质,成为ANAMMOX区的优势菌属.     

长江经济带城市扩张与经济增长脱钩关系及其空间异质性

论文基于GIS平台及探索性空间数据分析方法（Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, ESDA）和脱钩模型,以地级行政单元为对象,分析2000—2013年长江经济带建设用地扩张、经济增长的时空差异及脱钩关系。研究表明：1）近15 a来,长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长具有明显的阶段性和区域性。热点分析显示,建设用地增长热点区呈扩散效应,冷点区逐渐缩小。而经济增长的冷、热点区演变格局与建设用地并不同步。2）2000—2013年,长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长耦合关系经历了“增长负脱钩、弱脱钩”为主—“弱脱钩”为主—“弱脱钩、增长连结”为主的变化过程。分析表明,近15 a来长江经济带建设用地扩张与经济增长脱钩程度整体趋于优化,其中,负脱钩类型的城市数量降低17.76%,而脱钩类型数量上升11.22%。3）脱钩程度的空间异质性分析显示,长江经济带各时期的城市扩张与经济增长脱钩关系具有弱空间集聚性。总体上,长三角城市群较长江中游、成渝及滇、黔城市群的脱钩程度表现更优。脱钩程度变化机制与城市产业结构、用地效率和用地模式等密切相关。加强土地利用规划管控力度、严格用途管制规则,引导城市精明增长,走内涵式新型城镇化道路是改变经济发展对建设用地扩张依赖的重要途径。     

铁路不同系统职工“三类人员”健康状况分析

为了做好运输一线职工的健康管理工作,选择车辆、车务、电务、工务和机务系统参加健康体检的职工,以其2015—2016年体检数据为研究资料,分析了各系统"三类人员"健康情况。结果表明,不同系统"三类人员"总胆固醇异常率为车辆系统最高(64.9%),车务系统最低(60.0%);低密度脂蛋白胆固醇异常率最高为机务系统(53.1%),车务系统最低(45.7%);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇异常率为车辆系统最高(32.2%),工务系统最低(22.1%);空腹血糖异常率最高为机务系统(47.6%),电务系统最低(39.6%);甘油三酯异常率为工务系统最高(69.0%),车务系统最低(65.8%);舒张压异常率最高为车辆系统(93.8%),车务系统最低(78.2%);收缩压异常率最高为车辆系统(80.8%),车务系统最低(68.6%)。     

蜂窝湿式静电除尘脱除燃煤细颗粒物实验研究

搭建了蜂窝湿式静电除尘实验台,研究了不同清灰方式下湿式静电除尘的放电特性、除尘效率、分级效率.结果发现,喷淋清灰方式对颗粒物脱除效率最高,溢流清灰方式其次.为了避免喷淋产生的水雾对除尘效率的不稳定影响,着重研究了溢流清灰方式下,湿式静电除尘器比收尘面积、运行电压、烟气初始浓度对除尘效率的影响.研究表明,提高比收尘面积和运行电压均可使除尘效率增加,通过观察颗粒物分级脱除效率发现,粒径段在0.5~1μm之间的颗粒物脱除效率较低.当烟气含尘浓度达到较高值(442.85 mg·m~(-3))时,除尘器仍可保持较高的除尘效率.     

Reducing the risk of rear-end collisions with infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integration of variable speed limit control and adaptive cruise control system

Objective: Adaptive cruise control (ACC) has been investigated recently to explore ways to increase traffic capacity, stabilize traffic flow, and improve traffic safety. However, researchers seldom have studied the integration of ACC and roadside control methods such as the variable speed limit (VSL) to improve safety. The primary objective of this study was to develop an infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integrated system that incorporated both ACC and VSL to reduce rear-end collision risks on freeways.

Methods: The intelligent driver model was firstly modified to simulate ACC behavior and then the VSL strategy used in this article was introduced. Next, the I2V system was proposed to integrate the 2 advanced techniques, ACC and VSL. Four scenarios of no control, VSL only, ACC only, and the I2V system were tested in simulation experiments. Time exposed time to collision (TET) and time integrated time to collision (TIT), 2 surrogate safety measures derived from time to collision (TTC), were used to evaluate safety issues associated with rear-end collisions. The total travel times of each scenario were also compared.

Results: The simulation results indicated that both the VSL-only and ACC-only methods had a positive impact on reducing the TET and TIT values (reduced by 53.0 and 58.6% and 59.0 and 65.3%, respectively). The I2V system combined the advantages of both ACC and VSL to achieve the most safety benefits (reduced by 71.5 and 77.3%, respectively). Sensitivity analysis of the TTC threshold also showed that the I2V system obtained the largest safety benefits with all of the TTC threshold values. The impact of different market penetration rates of ACC vehicles in I2V system indicated that safety benefits increase with an increase in ACC proportions.

Conclusions: Compared to VSL-only and ACC-only scenarios, this integrated I2V system is more effective in reducing rear-end collision risks. The findings of this study provide useful information for traffic agencies to implement novel techniques to improve safety on freeways.     

Synergetic decolorization and deodorization of sludge protein foaming solution by 60Co γ-ray irradiation/H2O2 oxidation

Sludge protein foaming solution was effectively decolorized and deodorized by gamma irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The existence of a synergetic effect on the decolorization and the deodorization was demonstrated by means of UV/vis spectrophotometry, chemical, and sensory analyses every 14 days during 98 days of storage. Furthermore, the foamability was measured using the Ross–Miles method. Results showed that color, odor, and foamability of irradiated samples under hydrogen peroxide oxidation were significantly improved. Sensory evaluation indicated that irradiated samples under hydrogen peroxide oxidation were better than nonirradiated samples in odor, and color. Finally, a preliminary cost analysis revealed that ⁶⁰Co γ-ray/H₂O₂ process was more cost-effective than the H₂O₂ alone.     

Study on habitat suitability of overwintering cranes based on landscape pattern change—a case study of typical lake wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Shengjin Lake wetland is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It is a typical lake-type wetland and is also an ideal place for rare cranes to overwintering. The changes of wetland landscape are closely related to the habitat quality of wintering cranes. It is of great significance to study the habitat change of wintering cranes in wetland for wetland ecological restoration and restoration. In this paper, we analyze four kinds of winter cranes and wetland landscape pattern types from the years 1986 to 2015. Also, we adopted the Pearson correlation analysis method to analyze the relationship between wetland landscape types and crane population, and the main landscape types of cranes habitat were obtained. We selected disturbance degree, food richness, vegetation cover, and hydrological condition as the main factors affecting wintering habitat of cranes. We established a habitat suitability index model for wintering cranes and generated habitat suitability assessment maps by ArcGIS. The results show that the change of landscape pattern in Shengjin Lake protected area was obvious, the number of wetland patches increased, the fragmentation degree of landscape increased, the landscape patch difference became smaller, and the diversity index and evenness index increased gradually. From 1986 to 2015, the number of wintering cranes decreased and the habitat suitability index of wintering cranes decreased from 0.845 to 0.465, and the habitat suitability of wintering cranes fell from 13,577.11 to 7424.42 ha, which showed the overall habitat deteriorated significantly and had a positive correlation between the crane population and habitat suitability.

     

Single and joint oxidative stress–related toxicity of sediment-associated cadmium and lead on Bellamya aeruginosa

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The biotoxicity of heavy metals in sediments toward benthic organisms has evoked great concern for the health of freshwater ecosystems. This study...