Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

香溪河大型底栖动物24 h漂流规律研究

漂流行为是大型底栖动物适应河流水文过程的重要生物行为,也是研究河流底栖动物时空分布过程的重要依据,研究底栖动物的漂流规律对了解河流生态系统纵向格局的形成过程和演变机制具有重要意义.2017年8月选择湖北省香溪河的2条支流（九冲河与高岚河）研究大型底栖动物的漂流种类、昼夜节律和功能摄食类群构成.结果表明:①九冲河与高岚河漂流底栖动物均以蜉蝣目（Ephemeroptera）占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为76.9%、96.1%.九冲河的漂流物种数（35种）远高于高岚河（14种）.②优势物种分析表明,九冲河的优势物种为高翔蜉（Epeorus sp.）、弯握蜉（Drunella sp.）、四节蜉（Baetis sp.）、花翅蜉（Baetiella sp.）、扁蚴蜉（Ecdyonurus sp.）、沼石蛾（Limnophilidae sp.）、等翅石蛾（Philopotamidae sp.）和蚋（Simulium sp.）,高岚河的优势物种为花翅蜉和高翔蜉.③2条河流大型底栖动物的漂流均为显著的夜漂流类型,且漂流高峰期均出现在06:00.九冲河的夜漂者以襀翅目（Plecoptera）为主,高岚河以蜉蝣目为主.不同物种漂流的昼夜节律不同,高翔蜉、弯握蜉、扁蚴蜉、沼石蛾、等翅石蛾和蚋的第1个漂流密度高峰期均出现在20:00-22:00;四节蜉的第1个漂流密度高峰期出现在04:00-06:00;而花翅蜉的第1个漂流密度高峰期在九冲河出现的时间为04:00-06:00,在高岚河为02:00-04:00.④昼夜间漂流底栖动物的功能摄食类群和生活类型群落组成也有一定差异,但总体来看,漂流者的功能摄食类群均以收集者为主,以游泳生活者占主要优势.研究显示,九冲河与高岚河底栖动物的漂流节律表现出明显的差异性,其人为活动强度的差异是造成漂流规律差异的主要原因.      

氧化铁投加方式对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响

氧化铁可以促进产甲烷菌的代谢活动,从而加快厌氧消化体系的产甲烷速率。通过设计3组反应器,探究了不同的氧化铁添加方式对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷的影响:包括空白组A(餐厨垃圾+厌氧污泥),以及2个实验组B(餐厨垃圾+厌氧污泥,48 h后投加氧化铁)和C(餐厨垃圾+厌氧污泥+氧化铁)。结果表明:反应器A酸化严重,进入长期产甲烷抑制状态;反应器B可以解除酸抑制,恢复体系产甲烷能力,但需要较长的启动期;反应器C则能较快达到产甲烷阶段。此外,截止到第54天实验结束,反应器C的累积产甲烷量(48 349 m L)高于B(35 665 m L)。对于餐厨垃圾厌氧消化,投加氧化铁可解除体系酸抑制,恢复其产甲烷能力。而在厌氧消化初期加入氧化铁可以更快地解除酸抑制,并促成更高的产甲烷速率。     

Enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency by in situ fabrication of BiOBr/BiVO4 surface junctions

Surface junctions between Bi OBr and BiVO_4 were synthesized. The BiOBr/BiVO_4 with 1 wt.%of Bi OBr exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity in the degradation of Rh B under visible-light irradiation. It was found that the highly efficient adsorption of Rh B molecules via the electrostatic attraction between Br-and cationic \N(Et)_2 group played a key role for the high photocatalytic activities of BiOBr/BiVO_4. This efficient adsorption promoted the N-deethylation of Rh B and thus accelerated the photocatalytic degradation of Rh B.Moreover, the metal-to-metal charge transfer(MMCT) mechanism was proposed, which revealed the concrete path paved with Bi–O–Bi chains for the carrier migration in BiOBr/BiVO_4. The interaction between photoexcited Rh B* and the Bi~(3+) in BiVO_4 provided the driving force for the migration of photo-generated carriers along the Bi–O–Bi chains. This work has not only demonstrated the important role of efficient adsorption in the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants, but also developed a facile strategy to improve the efficiency of photocatalysts.     

强壮前沟藻生消过程中水体的散射特性

基于2011年7月藻类培养实验期间的实测数据,研究了强壮前沟藻生消过程中水体的散射特性.结果表明,强壮前沟藻本次培养周期共21d,前15 d为生长期,之后进入消亡期;生消过程中水体散射光谱变化明显,叶绿素浓度较低时,散射系数随波长增加近似呈幂函数衰减,而叶绿素浓度较高时,蓝绿光波段散射系数随波长增加呈现近似线性增大趋势,红光波段叶绿素强吸收造成的散射谷更明显;生长期和消亡期时,散射系数与叶绿素浓度幂函数回归的可决系数均随波长增加逐渐增大,750 nm波段达到最大值,R2分别为0.95、0.97;生长期时,蓝光波段散射占总散射量的比例逐渐减小,而红光波段逐渐增大,绿光波段变化较小,但基本呈现增大趋势,水色由蓝绿色逐渐变为红褐色,消亡期时,恰恰相反;生长期和消亡期的绿蓝、红蓝、红绿波段散射比与叶绿素浓度均存在正相关关系,说明随叶绿素浓度增加水色逐渐趋近于长波颜色.     

连续流亚硝化中试反应器的启动及其能力提升

通过接种污水处理厂压滤后污泥,添加悬浮填料进行挂膜,采用连续流反应器处理模拟氨氮污水,对反应器的游离氨(FA)、游离亚硝酸(FNA)以及溶解氧(DO)进行调控,实现了中试亚硝化反应器的成功启动.结果表明,通过前期高DO,后期低DO的运行模式,并对反应器运行过程中的FA、FNA进行调控实现了AOB的富集和NOB的淘汰,启动成功后反应器内部亚硝酸盐产生速率(NPR)达到1.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)也稳定在98%.采用实时荧光定量PCR方法(quantitative real time PCR,q PCR)对启动初期和成功启动后反应器中的功能微生物(AOB、NOB)进行分析,q PCR结果表明反应功能微生物AOB的拷贝数从启动初期的5.3×10~9copies·m L~(-1)增长到1.6×10~(11)copies·m L~(-1),NOB的拷贝数反而从1.1×10~(10)copies·m L~(-1)下降到1.2×10~9copies·m L~(-1),AOB拷贝数的数量级比NOB的要高2个数量级,这也是在启动过程中通过DO、FA、FNA等措施对NOB联合抑制的作用.     

江油市降水pH值的时间分布特征及控制对策

根据江油市2001～2009年的监测资料,首次分析江油市降水PH值的状况和变化.在降水酸碱类型的频率分布统计特征的基础上,探讨江油市降水pH值的季节分布特征及夏季酸雨的成因,并提出控制措施.     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅

通过改变仪器条件及试剂配比进行优选实验,利用原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅可知:铅的检出限是0.020μg/L,能够满足GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求;同时原子荧光光谱仪分析样品灵敏度高、重现性好、干扰少、操作简便、分析快捷,测定样品的准确度和精密度均能达到质量控制要求。