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21.
An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively. 相似文献
22.
DONALD L. PHILLIPS E. HENRY LEE ANDREW A. HERSTROM WILLIAM E. HOGSETT DAVID T. TINGEY 《Environmetrics》1997,8(1):43-61
In order to assess the impact of tropospheric ozone on forests, it is necessary to quantify ozone exposure on regional scales. Since ozone monitoring stations are widely scattered and mostly concentrate in urban and suburban areas, some form of spatial interpolation is necessary to estimate ambient air quality at non-monitored forested sites. This paper examines four different interpolation procedures for estimating ozone exposure as quantified by the SUM06 index (sum of hourly concentrations at or above 0.06 ppm) for July 1988 within the geographic range of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the southeastern United States. The first three methods, inverse distance weighting (INVD), inverse distance squared weighting (INVD2), and ordinary kriging, are routinely used interpolators. In addition, we examined the use of cokriging, a geostatistical procedure which utilizes additional information from correlated auxiliary variables to aid in estimation, with a synthetic ozone exposure potential index (EPI). This index incorporated monthly data on anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx), average daily maximum temperature, wind directional frequencies, and distance downwind from anthropogenic NOx sources. The EPI index had a correlation coefficient of 0.626 with monitored SUM06 measurements. Cross-validation indicated that the accuracy and precision of the interpolators increased in the order: INVD < INVD2 < ordinary kriging < cokriging. Cokriging with EPI exhibited 44–62 per cent lower mean error, 0–10 per cent lower mean absolute error, 6–14 per cent lower error standard deviation, and 4–10 per cent higher predicted versus observed r2 values than the other three methods. These results show the potential for use of additional covariate data for prediction of ozone exposure in forested areas. However, increased monitoring of forested areas is needed to more adequately characterize forest exposure to ozone and its consequences. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
23.
In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. First, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4 degrees C were calculated from that at 25 degrees C. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)24(7+)(Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4 degrees C caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25 degrees C, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4 degrees C, All3 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4 degrees C in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25 degrees C. 相似文献
24.
生物炭在农业增产和污染治理中的应用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
生物炭(biochar)作为重要的碳汇、土壤重要的改良剂以及污染物有效地吸附剂受到了国内外研究人员的普遍关注。在阅读近几年国内外关于生物炭在农业增产和污染方面文献的基础上,作者总结了生物炭应用规律并提出一些未来研究的展望。表述如下:生物炭具有多孔性和巨大的表面积,它能够增加土壤的持水量、增加对营养元素的吸附以减少其流失并改善土壤的结构,此外生物炭本身含有丰富的营养元素并能够缓慢释放以供作物吸收,因此生物炭能改善土壤肥力并增加农作物产量。同时,生物炭巨大的吸附功能可以降低重金属和有机污染物在土壤及污水中的活性,起到降低污染物浓度的作用。因此生物炭在农业增产和减少污染方面有巨大的潜力。但是,到目前为止,对于生物炭很多的作用机制还未搞清楚,对不同种类生物炭性状、生物质在高温热解过程中内部化学成分和结构的变化、长期定位实验以及危害方面还应加强研究。对此,研究人员应该结合当地情况,尽多的用当地主要的动植物废料来生产生物炭以达到当地农业增产和治理污染的目的;其次,增加长期定位试验,找到适合当地的生物炭种类及其生产条件;另外还应增加对我国新疆、西藏等土壤贫瘠的偏远地区的研究,使当地的土壤更大程度的被利用以改善当地人民的生活;最后,当地政府及相关部门应该加大对生物炭研究的支持,使生物炭早日被普遍运用,造福百姓。 相似文献
25.
实验研究了海泊河废水及其河口区水体的光学性质以及溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度,分析了光吸收系数(aCDOM)、最大荧光强度与DOC的关系.结果表明,海水中aCDOM在1.81～3.51 m-1内,平均值为2.39 m-1;而废水样品的aCDOM在0.59～16.23 m-1内,平均值为3.35 m-1.海水中aCDOM、光吸收指数斜率系数(S)、最大荧光强度以及DOC浓度都小于废水中相应的参数.水体中aCDOM、最大荧光强度以及DOC浓度三者之间均存在较好的线性关系.胶州湾东部海区海水中CDOM主要来源于海泊河排放的废水,由于水动力和潮汐作用较强而很快扩散,它们的浓度很快降低,在海泊河附近海区没有明显的积累. 相似文献
26.
LEE Chery 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2008,(8)
In this study,the effects of low temperature on aluminum(Ⅲ)(Al)hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide(Al(OH)_3(am))and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species.First,thermodynamic data of Al species at 4℃were calculated from that at 25℃.A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO_4Al_(12)(OH)_(24)~(7+)(Al_(13)),was involved in building the diagrams and,correspondingly,the non-linear simultaneous equations ... 相似文献
27.
Supercritical water oxidation （SCWO） has been drawing much attention due to effectively destroy a large variety of high-risk wastes resulting from munitions demilitarization and complex industrial chemical. An important design consideration in the development of supercritical water oxidation is the information of decomposition rate. In this paper, the decomposition rate of dimethyl methylphosphonate（DMMP）, which is similar to the nerve agent VX and GB（Sarin） in its structure, was investigated under SCWO conditions. The experiments were performed in an isothermal tubular reactor with a H2O2 as an oxidant. The reaction temperatures were ranged from 398 to 633℃ at a fixed pressure of 24 MPa. The conversion of DMMP was monitored by analyzing total organic carbon （TOC） on the liquid effluent samples. It is found that the oxidative decomposition of DMMP proceeded rapidly and a high TOC decomposition up to 99.99% was obtained within 11 s at 555℃. On the basis of data derived from experiments, a global kinetic equation for the decomposition of DMMP was developed. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data. 相似文献
28.
LIU Zhigang ZHAO Qingliang WANG Kun LEE Duujong QIU Wei WANG Jianfang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2008,20(8):1018-1024
Laboratory-scale tests for magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP)precipitation following urea hydrolysis of human urine were conducted using orthogonal experiment design.The effects of initial pH,temperature and the volumetric ratios of stale urine to fresh urine,on urea hydrolysis in urine were studied to determine the final hydrolysis time to recover most nitrogen from separated human urine by MAP.With a volumetric ratio of stale to fresh urine>10% and at temperature≥20℃,urea hydrolysis could be completed i... 相似文献
29.
The experiments for high head airlifting performance with vertical tube were examined for wastewater treatment. Comparing with the centrifugal pump and other pumps, the airlift pump has some problems and limited applications. However, an advantage of an airlift pump is in its geometrical simplicity, not having any moving parts, so it is suitable in lifting fluids including tiny pieces of metal or grit. In this study, for the purpose of high lifting head, an air jet nozzle was used. We have performed experimentally according to various characteristics of the airlift pump system such as the change of submerged depth, lifting head of liquid-air mixture (total head) and air flow rate. This work has verified through experiments that airlift pump shows lifting ability for 3 m (Sr = 0.3) in comparison with conventional height, 2 m (Sr = 0.4). Also, we suggested that the new airlift pump system with the air booster pump be used to improve the higher lifting head performance. 相似文献
30.
文章系统阐述了近30年来河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究方面取得的进展、现状及目前存在的问题,这些问题主要包括:河流锶同位素比值对于源岩的解释问题、河流锶元素含量及其同位素组成的全球参比值问题、不同的端元输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响以及不同制约因素及研究方法对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响等问题。根据目前的研究资料,笔者指出在进行河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究过程中应当:(1)考虑矿物岩石在风化过程中锶元素的释放特征及其同位素演化规律;(2)结合同位素地球化学及雨水化学方法对大气及人类活动输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的贡献进行校正;(3)开展主要流域的研究工作,尤其是不同构造、地质及气候背景条件不同流域间的对比研究,建立河流锶元素及其同位素组成区域参比值;(4)在研究方法上,应该对区域内降雨、岩石、土壤、沉积物及地下水中的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征进行系统分析,包括不同形态的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征的研究。 相似文献