Immissionsbelastungen im Umfeld des Flughafens München

The airborne immissions in the eastern surroundings to the new Munich airport have been investigated by means of different analytical methods between 1992 and 1995. For a detection of environmental impacts, bioindicators were applied to determine the pollution by PAH and to quantify the pollution by photooxidants. In addition, the PAH content in the upper soil layer was determined. During high pressure weather periods in summer the actual air pollution was investigated in the course of seven measuring campaigns. The PAH pollution of the soil is typical for rural background sites with highest concentrations in the close vicinity of busy roads, and exhibits no temporary trend. The actual input of PAH does not differ from the typical situation of rural regions in Bavaria at any measuring sites at all. Road traffic can be identified as the main PAH source in summer, whereas the considerably higher pollution in winter can be related to domestic heating. The pollution by photooxidants was found to be rather homogeneous throughout the eastern surroundings to the airport, being lowest at the sites directly influenced by road traffic. The pollution by volatile hydrocarbons at a busy road junction in the city of Erding is considerably higher than in the rural vicinity of the airport. The concentrations exhibit distinct daily courses which, among other things, can be related to atmospheric photooxidation. The hydroperoxides as secondary air pollutants exhibit an inverse course similar to that of ozone, with maximum values in the afternoon.     

Immissionsbelastungen im Umfeld des Flughafens München

Zusammenfassung  Die Immissionsbelastung im ?stlichen Umland des neuen Münchner Flughafens wurde im Zeitraum von 1992 bis 1995 mit Hilfe einer Reihe unterschiedlicher Messmethoden untersucht. Für die wirkungsbezogene Erfassung von Umwelteinflüssen wurden Bioindikatoren zur Bestimmung der PAK-Belastung und zur Quantifizierung der Photooxidantienbelastung eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus wurde der PAK-Gehalt des Oberbodens bestimmt. Die aktuelle Luftbelastungssituation wurde w?hrend photochemisch aktiver Wetterlagen im Sommer im Rahmen von 7 Intensivmesskampagnen untersucht. Die Bodenbelastung mit PAK liegt im Bereich der für l?ndliche Regionen typischen Hintergrundwerte mit den h?chsten Konzentrationen in der N?he stark befahrener Stra?en und weist keinen zeitlichen Trend auf. Auch der aktuelle PAK-Eintrag liegt an allen Standorten in einem für l?ndliche Regionen in Bayern typischen Bereich. Als Hauptemittent wird im Sommer der Kfz-Verkehr identifiziert, w?hrend die deutlich erh?hte Belastung im Winter auf den Hausbrand zurückgeführt werden kann. Die Photooxidantien-belastung zeigt im Flughafenumland keine ausgepr?gten Unterschiede, sie ist an den durch Stra?enverkehr beeinflussten Standorten jedoch am geringsten. Die Konzentrationen leicht flüchtiger Kohlenwasserstoffe sind an einer verkehrsreichen Stra?enkreuzung in Erding deutlich h?her als im l?ndlichen Flughafenumland. Sie zeigen ausgepr?gte Tagesg?nge, die u.a. auf den luftchemischen Abbau zurückzuführen sind. Die Hydroperoxide als sekund?re Luftschadstoffe weisen einen gegens?tzlichen Verlauf auf, der dem des Ozons mit nachmitt?glichem Maximum ?hnelt. Online-First: 23. August 2000     

Profildifferenzierte Elementkonzentrationen als Indikator für äolische Deckschichten

Ever since the detection of Lacher Seetuff, the evidence of periglacial layers such as loess has been an accepted fact. This paper aims to verify periglacial layers (loess) via a comparison of element contents of Yttrium and Lithium within differing soil layers and various geological parent material. An element is considered to be loess related whenever the respective element contents in top-soil layers derived from different geological parent rock are similar, while at the same time element concentrations in parent material differ widely. This hypothesis is based on the presumption that detected element contents can be considered background values and are therefore free from additional anthropogenically ubiquitous element contents.     

Coltan from Central Africa,international trade and implications for any certification

The exploitation of coltan in Central Africa can be considered a case of conflict minerals due to its nature. Many international organizations and bodies, national governments and private sector organizations seek to address this conflict, in particular via transparency, certification and accountability along the material supply chain. This paper analyses the international trade dimension of coltan and gives evidence on the dimension of illicit trade of coltan. The authors start from the hypothesis that illicit trade of coltan sooner or later will enter the market and will be reflected in the statistics. The paper is structured in the following manner: first, a short section gives a profile of coltan production and markets; second, an overview of the mining situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and related actors. The third section addresses mechanisms, actors and measurement issues involved in the international trade of coltan. The final part draws lessons for certification and conflict analysis and offers some guidance for future research.     

Lagrangian Dispersion Modeling of Vehicular Emissions from a Highway in Complex Terrain

Abstract

Transit traffic through the Austrian Alps is of major concern in government policy. Pollutant burdens resulting from such traffic are discussed widely in Austrian politics and have already led to measures to restrict traffic on transit routes. In the course of an environmental assessment study, comprehensive measurements were performed. These included air quality observations using passive samplers, a differential optical absorption spectroscopy system, a mobile and a fixed air quality monitoring station, and meteorological observations. As was evident from several previous studies, dispersion modeling in such areas of complex terrain and, moreover, with frequent calm wind conditions, is difficult to handle. Further, in the case presented here, different pollutant sources had to be treated simultaneously (e.g., road networks, exhaust chimneys from road tunnels, and road tunnel portals). No appropriate system for modeling all these factors has so far appeared in the literature. A prognostic wind field model coupled with a Lagrangian dispersion model is thus presented here and is designed to treat all these factors. A comparison of the modeling system with results from passive samplers and from a fixed air quality monitoring station proved the ability of the model to provide reasonable figures for concentration distributions along the A10.