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181.
Linking socio-economic factors, environment and land cover in the German Highlands, 1945-1999 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Land-cover changes are caused by human activities and natural ecological processes. Thus, our study uses an interdisciplinary approach to research land-cover changes. We present a method to (i) link socio-economic/environmental factors and land-cover changes, (ii) identify indicators of land-cover changes, and (iii) distinguish between socio-economic and environmental indicators associated with local types of overall land-cover changes. The study was conducted in the Lahn-Dill Highlands, Germany, a typical marginal rural landscape. In this region, we investigated land-cover changes occurring over the period 1945-1999. Land-cover data were derived from multi-temporal aerial photographs. Types of overall land-cover changes characterising the districts within the study area were differentiated. With the help of redundancy analysis (RDA), we analysed the relationships between land-cover changes and widely available socio-economic/environmental factors. The results reveal that both individual land-cover changes at patch level and types of overall land-cover changes characterising districts are correlated with socio-economic and environmental factors. Whereas the stable environmental factors are drivers of land-cover changes in our rural study area, socio-economic factors introduced into the analysis mostly result from land-cover changes. We identified correlative socio-economic indicators that cannot explain land-cover changes, but that in combination with the environmental factors can be used to greatly facilitate the reconstruction of past land-cover changes and thus lead to a better knowledge of land-cover history. Based on the types of overall land-cover changes, the results of the study can be adopted for the study of land-cover changes in other regions. 相似文献
182.
Robert Blanchard Detlef Arndt Rainer Grätz Marco Poli Swen Scheider 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2010,23(2):253-259
There is a general lack of information on the effects of full-bore obstacles on combustion in the literature, these obstacles are prevalent in many applications and knowledge of their effects on phenomena including burning rate, flame acceleration and DDT is important for the correct placing of explosion safety devices such as flame arresters and venting devices. In this work methane, propane, ethylene and hydrogen–air explosions were investigated in an 18 m long DN150 closed pipe with a 90 degree bend and various baffle obstacles placed at a short distance from the ignition source. After carrying out multiple experiments with the same configuration it was found that a relatively large variance existed in the measured flame speeds and overpressures, this was attributed to a stochastic element in how flames evolved and also how they caused and interacted with turbulence to produce flame acceleration. This led to several experiments being carried out for one configuration in order to obtain a meaningful average. It was shown that a 90 degree bend in a long tube had the ability to enhance flame speeds and overpressures, and shorten the run-up distance to DDT to a varying degree for a number of gases. In terms of the qualitative effects on these parameters they were comparable to baffle type obstacles with a blockage ratios of between 10 and 20%. 相似文献
183.
As it is practically impossible in an industrial society to reduce impacts into ecosystems to a level that would preclude any damages, the need for damage valuation arises. One of the available valuation tools is the economic approach. Subsequent publications present this approach using the example of soils. In this second part, two methods are presented for monetarising ecosystem services, the contingent valuation method, the valuation on the basis of restoration and replacement costs. Common arguments against the monetarisation of ecosystems, like the omission of intrinsic values or the incomplete information of individuals, are then discussed. In conclusion, limits and possibilities of monetarising ecosystem services are described. 相似文献
184.
Ethylarsine dichloride was used during WW I as a chemical warfare agent. Residues of this chemical warfare agent and its metabolites
are still present today and continue to contaminate soil and water.
A gas Chromatographic method for the detection and determination of ethylarsine dichloride is shown. Six dithiols were tested
as possible derivatization reagents for ethylarsine dichloride. With selection of the dithiol, matrix interferences can be
eliminated because of the different retention times of the derivatives. 相似文献
185.
Rainer W. Sieke Günter Lippke Alfred Krippendorf Rainer Haas Sven Lüdtke 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1998,5(4):199-201
The new technology of Plasmazon® uses the extremely strong oxidation of radicals to break up the compocunds of organic connections, e.g. chemical warfare agents like Clark I. In making a comparison of oxidation to normal ozone, the factor of the Plasmazon® -technology is available up to 103. The investigation in an experimental test shows that it is possible to destroy the warfare agent character of Clark I. As the possibility of a large-lot application this technology is the method of choice for other chemical or biological warfare agents. 相似文献
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189.
Klaus Richter Richard Knoche Thomas Schoenemeyer Gerhard Smiatek Rainer Steinbrecher 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1998,10(6):319-325
A procedure for the estimation of hydrocarbon emissions caused by deciduous forests, coniferous forests, mixed forests, agricultural areas and grassland is described. Here, the hydrocarbons are divided into three groups: isoprene, monoterpenes and other biogenic-emitted, volatile organic compounds. The emissions are calculated for a summer day in the eastern part of Germany using a land use data base. The spatial distribution of the emissions is represented as well as the variation of the emissions in the course of the summer day. The estimation of the emissions reveals that the daily amount of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions during the summer can have the same magnitude as the anthropogenic hydrocarbon emissions. 相似文献
190.
Núria Roura-Pascual David M. Richardson R. Arthur Chapman Tanja Hichert Rainer M. Krug 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):311-320
Invasive species alter the functioning of natural ecosystems, creating “novel ecosystems” comprising species occurring in
combinations with no analogs within a given biome. This poses major challenges for managers who cannot rely exclusively on
previous experiences. Multiple factors that drive invasion and which interact in complex ways demand innovative management
approaches. We show the utility of scenario planning in considering options for management in a region with substantial problems
with invasive alien plants: South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region. The approach allows us to identify the driving forces that
shape the status and trajectories of major woody invasive plants and to identify sensible strategies by considering a set
of scenarios based on the main uncertainties that encapsulate the linkages between the various components of the management
of biological invasions. Attitudes of landowners and management capacity are shown to be the crucial uncertainties influencing
the spread of major invasive species; axes based on these factors define our scenarios. Mapping current management projects
onto scenario axes highlighted key differences among areas. These insights can assist in directing particular management units
toward more desirable futures. Our study highlights the need to link social, political and legal constraints with ecological
processes to assure the effectiveness of management operations in controlling biological invasions. 相似文献