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131.
Zoriy MV Varga Z Pickhardt C Ostapczuk P Hille R Halicz L Segal I Becker JS 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(5):514-518
An analytical procedure has been proposed for the determination of (226)Ra at the low femtogram per ml concentration level in mineral water samples using double focusing sector field ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). For the pre-concentration and separation of radium from the matrix elements in water a tandem of a laboratory-prepared filter, based on MnO(2), and Eichrom "Sr-specific" resin was used. The recovery of the method was determined to be 70.5%. The limit of detection for (226)Ra determination was 0.02 fg ml(-1), including a pre-concentration factor of 10. In addition, uranium concentration and uranium isotope ratios were measured by ICP-SFMS. In several mineral water samples with a relatively high uranium content, (226)Ra concentrations were found between 0.7-15 fg ml(-1). The effective dose of the contribution was calculated using the radionuclide concentration and dose conversion factors from the World Health Organization, WHO (1993). Assuming a mineral water consumption of 2 l d(-1), a slightly higher calculated dose than the suggested limit for drinking water (0.1 mSv y(-1)) was found in some samples. 相似文献
132.
Martin Kranert Ralf Gottschall Christian Bruns Gerold Hafner 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(4):697-701
Green waste is increasingly extracted from the material recycling chain and, as a result of the financial subsidy arising from the German renewable energy law for the generation of energy from renewable raw materials; it is fed into the energy recovery process in biomass power stations. A reduction in climate relevant gases is also linked to the material recovery of green waste – in particular when using composts gained from the process as a new raw material in different types of potting compost and plant culture media as a replacement for peat. Unlike energy recovery, material valorisation is not currently subsidised. Through the analysis of material and energy valorisation methods for green waste, with particular emphasis on primary resource consumption and CO2-balance, it could be determined that the use of green waste for energy generation and its recovery for material and peat replacement purposes can be considered to be on a par. Based on energy recovery or material oriented scenarios, it can be further deduced that no method on its own will achieve the desired outcome and that a combination of recycling processes is more likely to lead to a significant decrease of greenhouse gas emissions. 相似文献
133.
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are inert liquids which can dissolve – and release – approximately 50 times more oxygen than blood
plasma. Oxygen carriers based on PFCs are easy to produce, free of biological components, and more rigorously sterilizable
than blood. PFCs injected into the body are eliminated by expiration through the lungs. Before reaching the lungs, PFCs accumulate
in storage organs such as liver and spleen. In these organs nanoscale PFC droplets reduce their free energy by unifying to
microscopic drops, thus indirectly lowering the rate of their expiration.
The model of free energy reduction by molecular interface crossing (FERMIC), a novel emulsion breaking mechanism derived from
first principles as presented here, leads to a better understanding of the structure formation processes relevant in perfluorocarbons
(PFCs) in vivo.
Received: 11 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 18 February 1999 相似文献
134.
Michael Neumann Joachim Baumeister Matthias Liess Ralf Schulz 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2003,15(3):152-156
The development and the evaluation of a biological indicator system for pesticide pollution in streams are presented. For small headwater streams with an agricultural catchment area, the expert system LIMPACT estimates the pesticide contamination according to the four classes of Not Detected, Low, Moderate and High contamination without any specification of the chemical agents. The input parameters are the abundance data of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa within four time frames in a year (March/April; May/June; July/August; September/October) and 9 basic water-quality and morphological parameters. The heuristic knowledge base was developed with the shell-kit D3 and contains diagnostic rules with scores to either establish or de-establish a contamination class. We differentiate between positive indicator taxa, which indicate contamination by high abundance values and positive abundance dynamics, and negative indicator taxa, a high abundance of which rules out contamination and indicates an uncontaminated site. We analysed 39 taxa and found 13 positive and 24 negative indicators. The database is comprised of 157 investigations per stream and year. For the evaluation of LIMPACT, we used the same cases. The correct diagnosis for the 157 investigations per stream and year is established by LIMPACT in 66.7 to 85.5% of the cases, with better results for uncontaminated sites. In most of the remaining cases no diagnosis is established instead of an incorrect one. 相似文献
135.
Bundschuh Mirco Zubrod Jochen P. Konschak Marco Baudy Patrick Frombold Bianca Schulz Ralf 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(36):49550-49558
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nTiO2) is frequently applied, raising concerns about potential side effects on the environment. While various... 相似文献
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139.
Stefan Schlumberger Michael Schuster Stefan Ringmann Ralf Koralewska 《Waste management & research》2007,25(6):547-555
The method described below recovers zinc, a valuable metal that is present in high concentrations in filter ash from the thermal treatment of waste, and returns the filter ash stripped of heavy metals to the combustion process in order to destroy organic substances. On an industrial scale, the heavy metals in the filter ash were mobilized by means of hydrochloric acid in the acidic fluids produced in the flue-gas scrubbing process without the addition of further chemicals. A pilot plant for implementing the selective reactive extraction (SRE) method on the ash extracts, using a highly selective complexant, was operated over a period of several months in order to obtain a concentrated, high-purity zinc salt solution (mono metal solution). A zinc depletion rate of 99.8% in the aqueous extract was achieved using mixer-settler units. The residual zinc concentration in the waste water was then < 2 mg L(-1). By stripping the loaded organic phase, a concentrated, high-purity mono metal solution with 190 g L(-1) zinc was obtained. Zinc metal with a purity > 99.99% is then separated by means of electrolysis. To destroy organic substances present in the filter ash, particularly dioxins and furans, the extracted filter ash cake was returned to the combustion process together with household waste. Plant operation, raw and pure gas parameters, and quality of the bottom ash produced were not impacted by such recirculation. The profitability of the overall process is attributable both to the recovery of valuable zinc metal and to the cost savings made in waste water treatment and in the disposal of the waste combustion residues because the remaining mixture of filter ash and bottom ash can be reused in a combined form. This method therefore supports the sustainable and economically viable reuse of filter ash. 相似文献
140.