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151.
Geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems and remote sensing have been increasingly used in public health settings since the 1990s, but application of these methods in humanitarian emergencies has been less documented. Recent areas of application of GIS methods in humanitarian emergencies include hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessments; rapid assessment and survey methods; disease distribution and outbreak investigations; planning and implementation of health information systems; data and programme integration; and programme monitoring and evaluation. The main use of GIS in these areas is to provide maps for decision-making and advocacy, which allow overlaying types of information that may not normally be linked. GIS is also used to improve data collection in the field (for example, for rapid health assessments or mortality surveys). Development of GIS methods requires further research. Although GIS methods may save resources and reduce error, initial investment in equipment and capacity building may be substantial. Especially in humanitarian emergencies, equipment and methodologies must be practical and appropriate for field use. Add-on software to process GIS data needs to be developed and modified. As equipment becomes more user-friendly and costs decrease, GIS will become more of a routine tool for humanitarian aid organisations in humanitarian emergencies, and new and innovative uses will evolve. 相似文献
152.
Stine Aakre Ilona Banaszak Reinhard Mechler Dirk Rübbelke Anita Wreford Harvir Kalirai 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):721-736
Increasing losses from weather related extreme events coupled with limited coping capacity suggest a need for strong adaptation
commitments, of which public sector responses to adjustments to actual and expected climate stimuli are key. The European
Commission has started to address this need in the emerging European Union (EU) climate adaptation strategy; yet, a specific
rationale for adaptation interventions has not clearly been identified, and the economic case for adaptation to extremes remains
vague. Basing the diagnosis on economic welfare theory and an empirical analysis of the current EU and member states’ roles
in managing disaster risk, we discuss how and where the public sector may intervene for managing climate variability and change.
We restrict our analysis to financial disaster management, a domain of adaptation intervention, which is of key concern for
the EU adaptation strategy. We analyse three areas of public sector interventions, supporting national insurance systems,
providing compensation to the affected post event as well as intergovernmental loss sharing through the EU solidarity fund,
according to the three government functions of allocation, distribution, and stabilization suggested by welfare theory, and
suggest room for improvement. 相似文献
153.
The assessment of environmental impacts along the life cycle of biofuels is a complex and resource-demanding task that cannot be afforded by small producers in developing countries. Therefore, certification schemes bear the risk that small and independent producers will be locked out and the market for sustainable biofuels will be dominated by international investors and large-scale plantations. However, many environmental impacts of various production chains of biofuels and feedstocks are already known. This knowledge has been used to create a web-based questionnaire for a “Sustainability Quick Check for Biofuels” (SQCB, http://www.sqcb.org). SQCB reduces the need for user entries to the most relevant and best-known parameters of the biofuel production chain. Based on this user input, a specific inventory is automatically modelled and linked to background data. SQCB then calculates the environmental impact assessment and checks the results against sustainability criteria. Since the results are calculated immediately, key environmental factors can be interactively analyzed. One major goal of the SQCB is to support the market entrance for local biofuel producers, given that strengthening local stakeholders is a key driver for empowering rural communities in development countries. 相似文献
154.
Cullaj A Duka S Emiri A Koni E Miho A Murtaj B Shumka S Bachofen R Schanz F Brandl H 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,182(1-4):215-232
Bovilla Lake is a reservoir constructed 12 years ago for supplying the city of Tirana (Albania) mainly with drinking water. It has a surface area of 4.6 km(2), a maximum depth of originally 60 m and is monomictic with a stratification period from early spring to end of October. The lake is oligotrophic with low nutrient concentrations (e.g. SRP in spring about 8 μg L(?-1)) and minor oxygen depletion in the hypolimnion during thermal stagnation. The lake is highly turbid due to severe particle import by several rivers during rain periods. This led to a massive deposition of sediments, lifting the maximum depth to 45 m in 2008. Furthermore, the photic zone reached hardly more than 10 m. Algal species diversity is high; however, diatoms from the genus Cyclotella dominate most of the year both in numbers and biomass. Our study describes for the first time the hydrography and limnology of the Bovilla Reservoir. 相似文献
155.
156.
Frische M Garofalo K Hansteen TH Borchers R Harnisch J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(6):406-413
BACKGROUND: Halogenated compounds in the atmosphere are of great environmental concern due to their demonstrated negative effect on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Detailed knowledge of the emission budgets of halogenated compounds has to be gained to understand better their specific impact on ozone chemistry and the climate. Such data are also highly relevant to guide policy decisions in connexion with international agreements about protection of the ozone layer. In selected cases, the relevance of specific emission sources for certain compounds were unclear. In this study we present new and comprehensive evidence regarding the existence and relevance of a volcanic contribution of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons (bromine containing halo(hydro)carbons), and fully fluorinated compounds (e.g. CF4 and SF6) to the atmospheric budget. METHODS: In order to obtain new evidence of a volcanic origin of these compounds, we collected repeatedly, during four field campaigns covering a period of two years, gases from fumaroles discharging over a wide range of temperatures at the Nicaraguan subduction zone volcanoes Momotombo, Cerro Negro and Mombacho, and analysed them with very sensitive GC/MS systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In most fumarolic samples certain CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, and the fully fluorinated compounds CF4 and SF6 were present above detection limits. However, these compounds occur in the fumarole gases in relative proportions characteristic for ambient air. CONCLUSION: This atmospheric fingerprint can be explained by variable amounts of air entering the porous volcanic edifices and successively being incorporated into the fumarolic gas discharges. Recommendation and Outlook. Our results suggest that the investigated volcanoes do not constitute a significant natural source for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, CF4, SF6 and NF3. 相似文献
157.
Zounemat-Kermani Mohammad Alizamir Meysam Keshtegar Behrooz Batelaan Okke Hinkelmann Reinhard 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(14):20556-20570
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study evaluates the potential of kriging-based (kriging and kriging-logistic) and machine learning models (MARS, GBRT, and ANN) in predicting the... 相似文献
158.
Tügel Franziska Hassan Aziz Hou Jingming Hinkelmann Reinhard 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2022,27(2):205-231
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of literature parameter values for the Green–Ampt infiltration model to be used in hydrodynamic... 相似文献