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201.
202.
Rolf Schmid 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1985,72(10):534-538
Major developments in Japanese biotechnology in 1984 are reviewed. Besides industry and academia, research associations (companies and governmental research institutions guided by ministries) carry out joint fundamental research in biotechnology. Another important long-range aspect is the Technopolis Concept, which aims at decentralizing research and technological activities. 相似文献
203.
204.
Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen Svea Reiners Rolf Altenburger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2004,16(2):85-91
Goal and Scope
A community test is introduced usingin situ periphyton communities and the pollution induced community tolerance for ecotoxicological testing. It was the aim of the study to evaluate the feasibility of the test for the assessment of xenobiotics and contaminated environmental aquatic samples.Methods
The herbicides Isoproturon and Prometryn were tested using standardised microphytobenthic communities of differing contamination. A pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence based method was used to detect the impact of the herbicides on the photosynthetic system of the microalgae.Results and Conclusions
Despite the variability of the ecosystem (samples were taken from different sites and varying taxonomy throughout a period of two months), the tests show high sensitivity and good reproduction features. EC50 values of 0.025 mg L?1 for Isoproturon and 0.016 mg L?1 for Prometryn were evaluated. These effect concentrations ranged in the same order of magnitude as the results derived from cell reproduction inhibition tests withScenedesmus vacuolatus (0.029 mg L?1 for Isoproturon and 0.012 mg L?1 for Prometryn). For Isoproturon, the test was able to differentiate effect concentrations for single algal classes within natural communities. The test was used to assess a contaminated effluent entering a stream (Spittelwasser) in the region of Bitterfeld. The effluent originate from a local chemical industry site, where Prometryn was produced for 4 decades. According to the PICT-concept (pollution induced community tolerance), we hypothesed that periphyton taken downstream of the effluent was more tolerant to Prometryn than uncontaminated communities. It could be shown that the herbicide caused a shift in the concentration response relationships of communities from different contaminated sites, indicating the development of tolerance. We conclude that the test using periphyton communities and considering the development of tolerance is able to evaluate a causal analysis of chronic effects of pollutants on community level. The multi-species test usingin situ communities reflects a higher biological organisation level than a single species laboratory test.Outlook
The PICT-concept could be used for ecological risk assessment of pollutants in the environment bridging the gap between single species laboratory testing and time consuming mesocosmos and field studies. 相似文献205.
206.
RolfD.Baldus 《世界环境》2004,(5):51-53
因为多种多样的生态、经济以及其他方面的原因,保护非洲的生物多样性刻不容缓。经济利益的驱使并非首要问题,然而忽视这一因素将不可避免地导致保护目标不能得以实现。 相似文献
207.
208.
Wolf von Tümpling Peter Zeilhofer Ulrich Ammer Jürgen Einax Rolf -D. Wilken 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1995,2(4):225-228
As in many other parts of the world, gold is produced in the surface mining region of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil, using mercury.
The goal of this investigation was to estimate the amount of mercury in certain tailings and to determine the area of the
land that has been contaminated by the gold mining operations. Mercury concentrations from 2 to 495 ng/g (dw) were determined
in the tailing materials. It was observed that only isolated sites were acting as central points of contamination. Using digital
Landsat satellite data (The-matic Mapper) and aerial photos, the sites degraded by the mining were classified, and their total
area was estimated to be 12.3 km2 in the region of Poconé. It was estimated, that 4.9 km2 were occupied by the contaminated tailings. The mean height of the pile slags was determined to be 4.5 m. From the experimentally
calculated average density of the material in the tailings, 2.01 g/cm3, the total mercury content in the piles of tailings was estimated to be 1600 ± 350 kg. 相似文献
209.
Callaghan TV Björn LO Chernov Y Chapin T Christensen TR Huntley B Ims RA Johansson M Jolly D Jonasson S Matveyeva N Panikov N Oechel W Shaver G Elster J Jónsdóttir IS Laine K Taulavuori K Taulavuori E Zöckler C 《Ambio》2004,33(7):418-435
Environmental manipulation experiments showed that species respond individualistically to each environmental-change variable. The greatest responses of plants were generally to nutrient, particularly nitrogen, addition. Summer warming experiments showed that woody plant responses were dominant and that mosses and lichens became less abundant. Responses to warming were controlled by moisture availability and snow cover. Many invertebrates increased population growth in response to summer warming, as long as desiccation was not induced. CO2 and UV-B enrichment experiments showed that plant and animal responses were small. However, some microorganisms and species of fungi were sensitive to increased UV-B and some intensive mutagenic actions could, perhaps, lead to unexpected epidemic outbreaks. Tundra soil heating, CO2 enrichment and amendment with mineral nutrients generally accelerated microbial activity. Algae are likely to dominate cyanobacteria in milder climates. Expected increases in winter freeze-thaw cycles leading to ice-crust formation are likely to severely reduce winter survival rate and disrupt the population dynamics of many terrestrial animals. A deeper snow cover is likely to restrict access to winter pastures by reindeer/caribou and their ability to flee from predators while any earlier onset of the snow-free period is likely to stimulate increased plant growth. Initial species responses to climate change might occur at the sub-species level: an Arctic plant or animal species with high genetic/racial diversity has proved an ability to adapt to different environmental conditions in the past and is likely to do so also in the future. Indigenous knowledge, air photographs, satellite images and monitoring show that changes in the distributions of some species are already occurring: Arctic vegetation is becoming more shrubby and more productive, there have been recent changes in the ranges of caribou, and "new" species of insects and birds previously associated with areas south of the treeline have been recorded. In contrast, almost all Arctic breeding bird species are declining and models predict further quite dramatic reductions of the populations of tundra birds due to warming. Species-climate response surface models predict potential future ranges of current Arctic species that are often markedly reduced and displaced northwards in response to warming. In contrast, invertebrates and microorganisms are very likely to quickly expand their ranges northwards into the Arctic. 相似文献
210.
Michelle Benyamine Rolf Lidskog Per Sandén 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2004,47(5):651-665
The theoretical disputes over forest nitrogen (N) fertilization constitute a difficulty for forest managers. In cases where scientists disagree it is hard for practitioners to make scientifically based decisions on what actions to take. The main objective in this study was to understand possible reasons for the scientific discussion associated with the question as to how fertilization for increased forest growth influences the forest ecosystem? Another objective was to clarify the divergent theoretical grounds within this scientific field. The study proceeded by selecting articles based on the criterion that they include field studies of fertilization for stem growth in the temperate region, and then analysing their theoretical content. Differences in theoretical grounds are among the reasons for the scientific disputes over the effects of N fertilization on forest ecosystems. 相似文献