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961.
Anderson Martins de Souza Braz Antonio Rodrigues Fernandes José Roberto Ferreira Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(10):7231-7242
The solid-solution distribution or partition coefficient (Kd) is a measure of affinity of potentially toxic elements (PTE) for soil colloids. Kd plays a key role in several models for defining PTE guideline values in soils and for assessing environmental risks, and its value depends on edaphic and climatic conditions of the sites where the soils occur. This study quantified Kd values for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn from representative soil samples from Brazil’s eastern Amazon region, which measures 1.2 million km2. The Kd values obtained were lower than those set by both international and Brazilian environmental agencies and were correlated with the pH, Fe and Mn oxide content, and cationic exchange capacity of the soils. The following order of decreasing affinity was observed: Pb?>?Cu?>?Hg?>?Cr?>?Cd?≈?Co?>?Ni?>?Zn. 相似文献
962.
de Medeiros Engelmann Pâmela dos Santos Victor Hugo Jacks Mendes Moser Letícia Isabela do Canto Bruzza Eduardo Barbieri Cristina Barazzetti Barela Pâmela Susin de Moraes Diogo Pompéu Augustin Adolpho Herbert Goudinho Flávio Soares Melo Clarissa Lovato Ketzer João Marcelo Medina Rodrigues Luiz Frederico 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(26):21398-21411
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In Brazil, landfills are commonly used as a method for the final disposal of waste that is compliant with the legislation. This technique, however,... 相似文献
963.
This paper shows how environmental issues can be incorporated into macroeconomic accounting and analysis by the construction and use of a National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA). The paper firstly elaborates on a number of conceptual issues on the harmonisation of environmental statistics and the national accounts. Specific attention is given to the consistent allocation of pollution to production and consumption activities and the importance of aggregated environmental indicators. Further, various applications are presented which vary from simple comparisons of macroeconomic performance indicators for economy and environment to more comprehensive modelling exercises. The paper does not only review recent experiences in the Netherlands but also those from other countries. 相似文献
964.
965.
Luciano Farias de Novaes Bruna Luckmann Saratt José Alberto Domingues Rodrigues Suzana Maria Ratusznei Deovaldo de Moraes Rogers Ribeiro Marcelo Zaiat Eugenio Foresti 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(8):1647-1656
The objective of this work was to assess the effect of agitation rate and impeller type in two mechanically stirred sequencing batch reactors: one containing granulated biomass (denominated ASBR) and the other immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam (denominated AnSBBR). Each configuration, with total volume of 1 m3, treated 0.65 m3 sanitary wastewater at ambient temperature in 8-h cycles. Three impeller types were assessed for each reactor configuration: flat-blade turbine impeller, 45°-inclined-blade turbine impeller and helix impeller, as well as two agitation rates: 40 and 80 rpm, resulting in a combination of six experimental conditions. In addition, the ASBR was also operated at 20 rpm with a flat-blade turbine impeller and the AnSBBR was operated with a draft tube and helix impeller at 80 and 120 rpm. To quantify how impeller type and agitation rate relate to substrate consumption rate, results obtained during monitoring at the end of the cycle, as well as the time profiles during a cycle were analyzed. Increasing agitation rate from 40 rpm to 80 rpm in the AnSBBR improved substrate consumption rate whereas in the ASBR this increase destabilized the system, likely due to granule rupture caused by the higher agitation. The AnSBBR showed highest solids and substrate removal, highest kinetic constant and highest alkalinity production when using a helix impeller, 80 rpm, and no draft tube. The best condition for the ASBR was achieved with a flat-blade turbine impeller at 20 rpm. The presence of the draft tube in the AnSBBR did not show significant improvement in reactor efficiency. Furthermore, power consumption studies in these pilot scale reactors showed that power transfer required to improve mass transfer might be technically and economically feasible. 相似文献
966.
Ana de Santiago-Martín Inmaculada Valverde-Asenjo Jose R. Quintana Antonio Vázquez Antonio L. Lafuente Concepción González-Huecas 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6392-6405
A set of periurban calcareous agricultural Mediterranean soils was spiked with a mixture of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn at two levels within the limit values proposed by current European legislation, incubated for up to 12 months, and subjected to various one-step extraction procedures to estimate mobile (neutral salts) and potentially mobile metal fractions (complexing and acidic extraction methods). The results obtained were used to study metal extractability patterns according to the soil characteristics. The analytical data were coupled with mineralogical investigations and speciation modelling using the Visual Minteq model. The formation of soluble metal-complexes in the complexing extracts (predicted by the Visual Minteq calculations) led to the highest extraction efficiency with complexing extractants. Metal extractability patterns were related to both content and composition of carbonate, organic matter, Fe oxide and clay fractions. Potentially mobile metal fractions were mainly affected by the finest soil fractions (recalcitrant organic matter, active lime and clay minerals). In the case of Pb, scarce correlations between extractable Pb and soil constituents were obtained which was attributed to high Pb retention due to the formation of 4PbCO3·3PbO (corroborated by X-ray diffraction). In summary, the high metal proportion extracted with complexing agents highlighted the high but finite capacity to store potentially mobilizable metals and the possible vulnerability of these soils against environmental impact from metal accumulation. 相似文献
967.
María Teresa García Ignacio Gracia Gema Duque Antonio de Lucas Juan Francisco Rodríguez 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(6):1814-1818
Dissolution with suitable solvents is one of the cheapest and more efficient processes for polystyrene waste management. In this work the solubility of polystyrene foams in several solvents benzene, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, 1,3-butanediol, 2-butanol, linalool, geraniol, d-limonene, p-cymene, terpinene, phellandrene, terpineol, menthol, eucalyptol, cinnamaldheyde, nitrobenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide and water has been determined.Experimental results have shown that to develop a “green process” the constituents of essential oils, d-limonene, p-cymene, terpinene, phellandrene, are the most appropriate solvents. The action of these solvent does not produce any degradation of polymer chains. The solubility of the polymer in the mentioned solvents at different temperatures has been investigated. The solvent can be easily recycled by distillation. 相似文献
968.
Mary C. Towner 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(2):82-94
This paper presents a dynamic state variable model that examines human dispersal in a land-based economy. In humans, like
other animals, many individuals disperse during their lifetimes, with extensive variability in the timing and likelihood of
dispersal by individuals of different states. The model places human and non-human dispersal in a common framework, specifically
by utilizing a cost-benefit approach. As with other animals, individual access to resources likely plays an important role
in shaping human dispersal, and the model explores the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Over a series of time steps,
individuals must decide whether to stay in their natal area or disperse, given their states (wealth, marital, and inheritance
status) and the environmental constraints on dispersal. Costs of dispersal include time and an initial drop in wealth, while
the benefit is the potential of the dispersal area to increase wealth. The model determines whether dispersing or staying
results in the highest fitness, where fitness is a function of individual wealth and years married. The model shows that dispersal
is favorable under a wide range of environmental conditions, but that it also varies predictably according to individual states.
Men of middle wealth values disperse under a wider variety of circumstances than poorer or wealthier men. Wealthy men, who
are particularly sensitive to the time cost and mortality risk associated with dispersing, appear to adopt a more conservative
dispersal strategy than poorer men, who are more sensitive to the wealth cost and wealth growth rate associated with dispersing.
Dispersal behavior is also contingent on its effects on an individual's probability of marrying or inheriting wealth. Finally,
the model fosters an examination of how the interaction of life events, and their directions of causation, can be studied.
Received: 6 May 1998 / Received in revised form: 3 February 1999 / Accepted: 7 February 1999 相似文献
969.
Céline Dupont Francesca Romana Grati Kwong Wai Choy Sylvie Jaillard Jérôme Toutain Marie-Laure Maurin Jose Antonio Martínez-Conejero Claire Beneteau Aurélie Coussement Denise Molina-Gomes Nina Horelli-Kuitunen Azzedine Aboura Anne-Claude Tabet Justine Besseau-Ayasse Bettina Bessieres-Grattagliano Giuseppe Simoni Gustavo Ayala Brigitte Benzacken François Vialard 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(1):35-43
970.
Stefan Bakker Heleen de Coninck Heleen Groenenberg 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(2):321-326
The inclusion of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) in the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is still subject to controversy and discussion. A myriad of barriers prevents CCS in the CDM. Apart from political barriers, economic, social and procedural barriers play a role. This paper discusses relevant new results on the human capacity, procedural feasibility and economic potential of CCS in the CDM. The conclusions of a capacity building effort in Africa show that awareness and knowledge are low but that capacity building efforts are well received. A reality check on methodologies for hypothetical CCS projects shows that most of the issues can be resolved, and the CDM institutional arrangements can accommodate CCS. A bottom-up estimate of the potential of natural gas processing CCS in the CDM, based on a previously proprietary database from the oil and gas industry, suggests that there is an annual potential of about 174 MtCO2 in 2020 in that sector. Most of that potential can be realized at CER prices between $20 and $30/tCO2 but there is no sign of flooding the CDM market with cheap credits from CCS projects. Despite these results and more open information, the CCS and CDM debate, progress in the negotiations on CCS in the CDM is slow and there is no clear view on a solution. 相似文献