Spatial and temporal variation of haze in China from 1961 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM₁₀ concentrations from 2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter (41.1%) while the minimum occur in summer (10.4%). During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.     

1981-2014年四川不同强度霾时空特征及气候成因研究

利用四川156个气象观测站1981-2014年霾日观测资料,对区域内不同强度霾日的时空分布特征及变化趋势进行分析.结果发现：不同强度霾日数呈现轻霾和重霾显著上升、中霾下降的趋势,20世纪90年代后霾日整体偏多,其中,秋、冬季发生频率偏高,12月和1月是多发时段;不同强度年均霾日高值区集中在盆地中部、东部地区,低值区主要位于盆地西南地区,并呈现盆地中北部霾日逐年减少,盆地南部逐年增多的变化趋势.结合季节特征探讨霾日形成机理发现,春、夏季欧亚中高纬度呈现两槽一脊的环流形势,印缅槽较强,利于降水,盆地相对湿度为85%以上,高原东侧上升气流较明显,大气对流层中下层为"上冷下暖"的递减层结,利于大气污染排放物垂直交换及其对外扩散;秋、冬季高纬度以纬向环流为主,经向环流偏弱,冷空气被阻挡在盆地以北以西区域,盆地东部为下沉气流,850 hPa以下的偏东气流使东部污染物向西蔓延,青藏高原以东地区上空为显著的"上暖下冷"逆温层结,相对湿度为80%左右,地面气温增加,相对湿度下降,使霾不易向雾转换,加重霾日高频状况的发生.     

电化学辅助微电解法处理焦化废水

制备了锰粉改进的规整化微电解填料,采用电化学辅助改进微电解填料处理初始COD为6 153.6 mg/L、ρ(NH_3-N)为182.6 mg/L的焦化废水,优化了工艺条件。实验结果表明,电化学辅助微电解法处理焦化废水的最佳工艺条件为电压8 V,填料投加量20 g/L,初始废水pH 6,反应时间30 min。在此条件下废水COD去除率为75.3%,NH_3-N去除率为65.4%;在其他工艺条件相同的情况下,未通过电化学辅助的填料微电解反应的COD去除率为33.0%,NH_3-N去除率为16.2%,电化学辅助后的COD去除率和NH_3-N去除率均明显提高。     

镇江城市生物多样性现状研究

利用生态卫星遥感解析数据,评价得出镇江市生态环境质量指数维持在良好等级。对镇江市鸟类现状、森林生态系统植被现状、生物入侵情况进行了调查总结,分析了生物多样性变化的客观原因,并提出保护中存在的不足方面。     

海南陵水新村港与黎安港海草特别保护区大型底栖动物群落结构与多样性

根据2004~2013年监测结果表明,陵水新村港与黎安港海草特别保护区内共记录到大型底栖动物53科95种,从种类组成来看,软体动物占优势。2009~2013年,保护区海草床大型底栖动物的平均丰度为137.53 ind/m2,平均生物量为167.57 g/m2;基于丰度进行的CLUSTER聚类分析和MDS标序图显示,2009~2013年间保护区内大型底栖动物分为2个组,与沉积物有机碳含量显著相关。多样性指数反映各年份生物多样性差异较大。通过BIOENV分析,影响其群落结构的主要环境因子有沉积物有机碳含量、中值粒径(Mdф)、四分位差(QDф)以及海草盖度。ABC曲线显示,除2011年的新村港没有受到扰动外,保护区内其他年份的大型底栖动物均受到不同程度的扰动或者倾向于受到中等程度的扰动。与2002年调查数据比较发现,保护区海草床大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量均显著下降。由此可知,保护区近年来受人类活动影响较大,出现了不同程度的污染,导致大型底栖动物群落结构发生变化。     

Multi-scale spatial determinants of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in Qiantang River, China

This study employed spatial regression to analyze the determinants of dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrients in the Qiantang River, China. Determinants of their spatial patterns in 1996 and 2003 as well as their dynamics during this time period were characterized at sub-basin and 500-m riparian buffer scales. Results indicated that the determinants differed by variable and by scale. Built-ups, farmland, water body, population density and gross domestic product were positive indicators for nutrient pollution and hypoxia, while distance to river source and forest were negative indicators. Higher slope variability indicates more DO and nutrients. In addition, built-up increases that were accelerated by population growth and economic development accounted for DO and nutrients dynamics to a large extent. This study highlighted that incorporation of spatial autocorrelation into regression was not only a methodological advantage but also a promising management tool.     

Removal of nutrients and veterinary antibiotics from swine wastewater by a constructed macrophyte floating bed system

The potential of three varieties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Dryan, Tachimasari and Waseyutaka, to improve the water quality of swine wastewater was evaluated using a constructed macrophyte floating bed system. With respect to reductions in levels of nutrients, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and sulfonamide antimicrobials (SAs, including sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole), Dryan performed better than Tachimasari and Waseyutaka. For Dryan, total N was reduced by 84.0%, total P by 90.4%, COD by 83.4% and sulfonamide antimicrobials by 91.8–99.5%. Similar results were observed for Tachimasari and Waseyutaka. The results indicated that the treatment of swine wastewater using the constructed macrophyte floating bed system was effective in the removal of nutrients and veterinary antibiotics.     

生态旅游环境容量研究进展

生态旅游环境容量是在生态旅游研究成熟后的另一个热点,通过对国内外相关文献梳理后发现,国外对生态旅游环境容量的研究起步较早、成果颇丰、用途广泛且研究体系自成一脉,国内对生态旅游环境研究取得成绩的同时还有很多不足,特别是现有的测量方法已落后于生态旅游的发展,今后需系统梳理生态旅游容量的理论,并在理论指导下提出适合自身的动态测量模式,进一步向旅游环境容量综合管理转变。     

Assessing biodiversity vulnerability to climate change: testing different methodologies for Portuguese herpetofauna

Assessing biodiversity vulnerability to future climate change is essential for developing robust adaptation strategies. A number of vulnerability assessment methodologies have been developed, from bioclimatic envelop models to more complex approaches that also consider biological traits and population status. However, the lack of comparative studies leaves the user to choose among the different methodologies without much guidance. This study applied three vulnerability assessment approaches to the Portuguese herpetofauna: (I) impact assessment approach based on bioclimatic models; (II) integrated vulnerability assessment approach, adding the evaluation of adaptive capacity to approach I; and (III) integrated vulnerability assessment and validation based on expert consultation. Results showed disagreement between the different approaches for 19 % of the species studied. Most differences were found between approach III and the two other approaches. All approaches showed advantages and limitations, the choice of a methodology being ultimately dependent on the study goals. Approach I has proven efficient to capture general vulnerability patterns. Approach II, although presenting results similar to approach I, allows for the identification of key factors affecting the species adaptive capacity and may be useful in tailoring adaptation measures. Approach III further allows us to identify knowledge gaps and to evaluate vulnerability when data availability or quality is reduced. Further, because this approach is based on an expert workshop, it has proven a perfect means to build on the vulnerability assessment results to identify indicator species and prioritize specific adaptation options.