Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.     

Influence of pore size and membrane surface properties on arsenic removal by nanofiltration membranes

Four NF membranes were compared regarding arsenate rejection and their properties. Rejection of arsenate had no relationship with membrane pore size. A more negative surface charge was favorable for arsenate rejection at neutral pH. A severe membrane fouling could lead to a great reduction of arsenic rejection. Nanofiltration (NF) has a great potential in removing arsenate from contaminated water. The performance including arsenate rejection, water permeability and resistance to fouling could however differ substantially among NF membranes. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of membrane pore size and surface properties on these aspects of membrane performance. Four fully-aromatic NF membranes with different physicochemical properties were adopted for this study. The results showed that surface charge, hydrophobicity, roughness and pore size could affect water permeability and/or arsenate rejection considerably. A more negative surface charge was desirable to enhance arsenate rejection rates. NF90 and a non-commercialized membrane (M#1) demonstrated the best performance in terms of arsenate rejection and water permeability. The M#1 membrane showed less membrane fouling than NF90 when used for filtration of real arsenic-containing groundwater. This was mainly due to its distinct chemical composition and surface properties. A severe membrane fouling could lead to a substantial reduction of arsenic rejection. The M#1 membrane showed the best performance, which indicated that membrane modification could indeed enhance the overall membrane performance for water treatment.     

PM2.5通过NF-κB/NLRP3途径促进金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的研究

细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))引发的呼吸系统疾病近年来成为公众关注焦点。为探究PM_(2.5)在金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎中产生的效应及其相关分子机制,将Balb/c小鼠随机分成6组:A.生理盐水对照,B. 5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),C.肺炎模型,D.肺炎模型+0.05 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),E.肺炎模型+0.5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),F.肺炎模型+5 mg·kg~(-1)PM_(2.5),进行为期7 d的PM_(2.5)气道滴注暴露后,用细菌滴鼻构建金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎模型。结果发现,PM_(2.5)暴露造成了小鼠肺部损伤并促进了金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎,并随着PM_(2.5)浓度的升高愈发显著,体现为小鼠肺部出现了更显著的气道重塑、炎症细胞浸润现象,肺纤维化程度加深。其分子机制是PM_(2.5)首先引发小鼠肺部产生氧化应激,促进核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的激活,进而介导炎症小体NLRP3的活化,导致白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达升高,最终恶化了金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎。     

基于代谢组学技术分析磷酸三苯酯诱导斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的分子机制

磷酸三苯酯(TPhP)是广泛存在于环境介质和生物体内的一种典型有机磷阻燃剂。为探求TPhP诱发水生动物发育毒性的分子机制,本研究以斑马鱼为模式动物,将发育至2.5 hpf (hours post fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎暴露于0.0025、0.1、1、10、100和1 000μg·L~(-1)TPhP溶液至7 dpf (days post fertilization),考察斑马鱼胚胎生长发育指标和线粒体功能的变化,通过代谢组学分析揭示相关分子机制。结果表明,环境相关浓度(0.0025、0.1和1μg·L~(-1)) TPhP对斑马鱼胚胎发育无显著影响,但是轻微干扰了斑马鱼的代谢过程。100和1 000μg·L~(-1)TPhP暴露引起斑马鱼心跳速率、孵化率和线粒体膜电位明显下调,畸形率分别增加6.8倍和12.5倍,死亡率分别增加7.2倍和16.5倍。代谢组学分析发现,10、100和1 000μg·L~(-1)TPhP显著抑制斑马鱼氨基酸代谢,降低缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸水平,抑制氨酰-tRNA生物合成过程;同时引起葡萄糖糖酵解过程和三羧酸循环发生障碍。氨基酸和糖代谢异常可能是TPhP引起斑马鱼发育畸形的主要原因,线粒体功能紊乱可能是TPhP诱发三羧酸循环障碍的原因。上述研究结果为TPhP发育毒性机制分析提供了新思路。     

Influence of reclaimed water discharge on the dissemination and relationships of sulfonamide,sulfonamide resistance genes along the Chaobai River,Beijing

Reclaimed water threatens the ecological safety of the Chaobai River. SMX, TMP, and SDZ were the first three abundant antibiotics in the research area. SRGs and intI1 were widespread with high abundance after reclaimed water recharge. The SRGs values followed the sequence: Summer>autumn>spring>winter. Strong correlations were detected between SRGs and environmental factors. Reclaimed water represents an important source of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, threatening the ecological safety of receiving environments, while alleviating water resource shortages. This study investigated the dissemination of sulfonamide (SAs), sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs), and class one integrons (intI1) in the surface water of the recharging area of the Chaobai River. The three antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and sulfadiazine had the highest abundance. The highest absolute abundances were 2.91×10⁶, 6.94×10⁶, and 2.18×10⁴ copies/mL for sul1, sul2, and intI1 at the recharge point, respectively. SRGs and intI1 were widespread and had high abundance not only at the recharging point, but also in remote areas up to 8 km away. Seasonal variations of SRGs abundance followed the order of summer>autumn>spring>winter. Significant correlations were found between SRGs and intI1 (R² = 0.887 and 0.786, p<0.01), indicating the potential risk of SRGs dissemination. Strong correlations between the abundance of SRGs and environmental factors were also found, suggesting that appropriate environmental conditions favor the spread of SRGs. The obtained results indicate that recharging with reclaimed water causes dissemination and enrichment of SAs and SRGs in the receiving river. Further research is required for the risk assessment and scientific management of reclaimed water.     

吉林省平原区村落空心化特征及发展建议

吉林省平原区是我国传统的粮食主产区,村庄空心化聚落形态具有特殊性。以村落空心化为特征的乡村衰落是实施我国乡村振兴战略的主要阻碍。采用实地调研与问卷调查的方法,分析吉林省平原区空心村的时空扩展和空心化特征,结果发现:吉林省平原区村落空心化起始晚,但发展快;人口和宅基地空心化严重,耕地质量具有"空心化"趋势。在研究基础上,提出建议:在村庄整治中,应完善农村土地产权制度和土地流转机制,中心村实心化发展与零散空心化村落治理相结合,建设与农业产业化相适应的中心村落职能结构,建立新型职业农民培育体系,重点发展农牧业一体化的产业模式。     

Copper fractal growth during recycling from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis

• Copper fractal growth was observed during WPCBs recycling by slurry electrolysis. • Dendrites fractal growth could be controlled by additive during electrodeposition. • Additive was proved to be an effective way to refine the copper crystal. • These findings contribute to enrich the study of slurry electrolysis. Superfine copper particles could be directly prepared from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis. Meanwhile, copper fractal growth could be observed. To better understand this phenomenon, the factors that affect copper dendrites in a point-cathode system were discussed in detail. These results showed that the fractal degree of copper dendrites increased as the increase of applied voltage and the decrease of copper sulfate and gelatin concentrations. Sodium lauryl sulfate and hydrochloric acid concentrations could not significantly impact the fractal degree of copper dendrites, while gelatin concentration could. The minimum copper fractal dimension was 1.069 when gelatin and copper sulfate concentration was 120 mg/L and 0.1 mol/L, respectively with an applied voltage of 11 V. Moreover, the results diffusion-limited aggregation model demonstrated that particle translational speed, particle numbers and binding probability significantly affected copper dendrite patterns. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the three additives greatly affected the refinement of the copper crystal. These findings contribute to enrich the theoretical study on metals recovery from e-waste by slurry electrolysis.     

Electro-catalytic activity of CeOx modified graphite felt for carbamazepine degradation via E-peroxone process

•CeO_x/GF-EP process had the better degradation efficiency than GF-EP process. •CeO_x/GF-EP process had the flexible application in the pH range from 5.0 to 9.0. •CeO_x could enhance surface hydrophilicity and reduce the charge-transfer resistance. •The interfacial electron transfer process was revealed. E-peroxone (EP) was one of the most attractive AOPs for removing refractory organic compounds from water, but the high energy consumption for in situ generating H₂O₂ and its low reaction efficiency for activating O₃ under acidic conditions made the obstacles for its practical application. In this study, cerium oxide was loaded on the surface of graphite felt (GF) by the hydrothermal method to construct the efficient electrode (CeO_x/GF) for mineralizing carbamazepine (CBZ) via EP process. CeO_x/GF was an efficient cathode, which led to 69.4% TOC removal in CeO_x/GF-EP process with current intensity of 10 mA in 60 min. Moreover, CeO_x/GF had the flexible application in the pH range from 5.0 to 9.0, TOC removal had no obvious decline with decrease of pH. Comparative characterizations showed that CeO_x could enhance surface hydrophilicity and reduce the charge-transfer resistance of GF. About 5.4 mg/L H₂O₂ generated in CeO_x/GF-EP process, which was 2.1 times as that in GF-EP process. The greater ozone utility was also found in CeO_x/GF-EP process. More O₃ was activated into hydroxyl radicals, which accounted for the mineralization of CBZ. An interfacial electron transfer process was revealed, which involved the function of oxygen vacancies and Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ redox cycle. CeO_x/GF had the good recycling property in fifth times’ use.     

Multivariate correlation analysis of bio-accumulation with soil properties and potential health risks of cadmium and lead in rice seeds and cabbage in pollution zones,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A total of 475 representative cultivated land and 435 crop samples from 11 provinces of China were collected, and lead and cadmium in 6 polluted areas by...     

黄渤海上空气溶胶类型判别及其成因分析

气溶胶是大气环境的重要组成部分,其对天气和气候变化有重要影响,对人类健康也有危害.对气溶胶类型的区分有利于判别气溶胶的来源,这对控制气溶胶污染源、改善区域环境质量有重要的推动作用.本文基于黄渤海区域6个观测点的实测数据和卫星遥感数据,采用聚类分析方法对黄渤海上空的气溶胶进行分类,并采用拉格朗日轨迹追踪法判定气溶胶的来源.研究发现,黄渤海上空的气溶胶类型以清洁大陆型和生物燃烧以及城市/工业型为主,陆源输入是黄渤海上空气溶胶的重要来源.清洁大陆型的气溶胶在黄海中部的贡献率相比于其余海域偏低,这也间接表明近岸的气溶胶更易受到来自陆地的影响,离岸区域受陆地的影响相对较小.