Effects of acid rain on growth and nutrient concentrations in Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings grown in a nutrient-rich soil

The effects of artificially applied acid precipitation on growth and nutrient concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings were investigated in a long-term acid irrigation experiment in field conditions. Seedlings of northern and southern origin were planted in boxes containing peat and composted soil rich in nutrients, and sprinkler irrigated with water acidified with nitric and sulphuric acids to pH 3 or pH 4 for periods varying from two to three and a half growing seasons during 1986-1989. Water irrigated (pH 5.4-7.6) and non-irrigated groups of seedlings were also included in the experiment. At the end of the experiment needles, main and lateral shoots and roots were collected from the seedlings for the determination of height growth and biomass partitioning, and for the analysis of S, N, Mg, P, K, Ca, Mn and Fe concentrations. The treatment effects compared to the irrigated control were studied using multivariate analyses of variance and covariance. In the pine seedlings the total dry matter production increased by 25-70% compared with the irrigated controls when the total wet deposition to the seedlings exceeded 67 kg S ha(-1) and 36 kg N ha(-1) (e.g. after two growing seasons' exposure of the pH 3 treatment). The increase was mainly due to an increase in needle dry weight (54-72% greater at pH 3) and root weight (20-65% greater at pH 3), whereas the height growth or shoot weight growth were less affected. The northern provenance pine seedlings responded more clearly to the pH 3 irrigation than the southern ones. The treatments had no consistent effects on any of the growth variables studied in the spruce seedlings, however. The pines had higher root and foliage Ca concentrations as a result of the acid irrigation, whereas in spruce, acid rain decreased the Ca concentration in needles and shoots. Root Mn and Fe concentrations were higher in both species as a result of the pH 3 treatment. A higher soil conductivity and Ca concentration resulted from the prolonged pH 3 treatment. The results strongly support the hypothesis that the long-term growth and nutrient allocation response of conifers to acid precipitation is dependent both on the tree species and on the nutritional status of the soil.     

地球化学

<正> 无论从空间无线电光谱、遥感来考虑,还是从检测晶体表面少数原子来看,地球化学技术在灵敏度和显示器方面都有很大的改进。随着技术的改进,新的认识层出不穷。地球化学令人向往的领域,仍然包括宇宙空间中元素和天体起源的经典范围,但是,地球化学新技术对于我们了解当前环境的紧迫问题,已是必不可少的了。地球化学家仍然是分析化学的先导。本文只举几个事件。     

玻璃陨石的成因

玻璃陨石——这些小小的玻璃物质长期以来吸引着人们极大的注意力。早在十世纪,中国文献中就有了关于玻璃陨石或“雷公墨”的记载。关于莫尔道熔融石和澳大利亚玻璃陨石,在十八世纪和十九世纪初就已有人作了记载和描述。 斯潘塞(Spencer,1933)对玻璃陨石和冲击玻璃作了广泛的研究后得出结论:玻璃陨石虽然与巨大陨石体的降落有关,但它并不是陨石质的,它是由地球岩石熔化形成的。     

亚洲地区通过森林管理缓解二氧化碳排放的潜力

亚洲有相当数量的林地能够通过管理来保存和固定碳。这包括建立１．３３亿ｈｍ＾２人工林和农林复合系统，减缓３３５０万ｈｍ热带森林的砍伐和进行４８００万ｈｍ＾２的热带森林的自然和扶育更新。据保守估计，到２０５０年，这些土地保存和固定碳的潜力为２４ＰｇＣ，营造人工林和农林复合系统占亚洲地区森林碳放缓解潜力的５８％。假设现有状况不变，到２０５０年，所有林业部门的活动能够保牵碳量等于同期全球化石燃烧排放缓解潜     

宾夕法尼亚泥盆系卡茨基尔组砂岩型铀矿床附近古含水层中的铀异常

<正> 过去研究砂岩型铀矿床时很少考察或研究矿体外围铀异常的范围和性质,然而在寻找附属矿床时,由矿体和异常晕带所组成的一个较大的目标区可能是很有帮助的。另外,航空放射性测量和分散流地球化学异常的范围都取决于矿体内外的铀分布。根据对砂岩型矿床附近沉积物中铀的区域异常研究的部分结果,我们获得了明显的印象:怀俄明卷型铀矿床的铀所通过的古含水层具有明显的铀异常。另外,还获得了背景样品的一大套数据,从而可以了解铀、钍和主要元素之间的关系,这对于研究沉积岩中的铀和识别岩石样品的弱异常具有普遍的实用价值。     

利用潮间藤壸的Mg、Sr、~(18)O/~(16)O和~(13)C/~(12)C变化作为古环境指标的评价

分析了南非海岸周围8个地点的潮间藤壸Tetraclita serrata Darwin组合贝壳样品的主量元素和少量元素含量以及碳和氧同位素比值。这些数据已用来评价利用MgCO_3含量和氧同位素分馏建立的藤壶温标。业已发现,由δ~(18)O值求出的海水温度精确到所计算出的藤壶采样点年平均表层海水温度的±1℃以内,因而此由MgCO_3含量估算出的温度更可靠。对MgCO_3在藤壶贝壳剖面中分布情况的详细研究表明,这种成分在该剖面呈不规则变化,特别是向贝壳外缘MgCO_3含量明显增高。这归因于贝壳在潮间带交替地出露和淹没期间其外表面发生的溶解和沉淀效应。碳同位素值与年平均表层海水温度间的负相关关系不明显,因而这种负相关关系不能用作古温度计。业已查明,从南非海岸各采样点采集的T.serrata样品的Sr含量是始终一样的。据文献报道,世界其他地区的藤壸也具有类似的成分特征。所有潮间藤壸的平均Sr/Ca比值约为8.3‰。这一比值的始终一致性表明,沉积物中保存的未蚀变藤壶贝壳的Sr含量可用来估计海洋的Sr含量。     

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of diene modified analogs of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Matsucoccus</Emphasis> sex pheromones

The biological activity of the Matsucoccus spp. sex pheromones and diene modified analogs has been tested in forests of Israel and Portugal in order to explore the structure-activity relationship of the pine bast scale pheromone/kairomone system. The response of the adult predatory bugs, Elatophilus hebraicus and E. crassicornis and of the brown lacewing, Hemerobius stigma is more selective than that of the conspecific Matsucoccus males. The removal of the terminal methyl group from the diene terminus of both pheromones 1 and 2 eliminates all kairomonal activity but retains moderate pheromonal activity. Addition of a methyl group to the diene terminus of pheromones 1 and 2 sustains full pheromonal and kairomonal activities of the Elatophilus spp. but eliminates entirely the kairomonal activity of H. stigma. Subtle designed alterations in the structure of the diene group, typical of all Matsucoccus pheromones, change the mode of the kairomonal activity markedly.     

海水脱硫

广东火电厂脱硫终于实现了零的突破。深圳西部电厂经过近3年的努力,共投入2.15亿元,完成了4号机组海水脱硫工程。经过72小时的运行考核,效果良好,各项性能指标远高于设计值。     

公众利益风险管理──能源技术对社会与经济影响的研究

一、引言本文研究的是有关风险与利益决策的模型框图，以及如何通过更加合理、科学的管理改进决策的方法。进行此项工作的目的之一是建立社会风险通用的管理方法。起初本来准备研究核能对整个社会经济的影响，但随着研究的深入，我们发现难以孤立地评价单一能源技术对整个社会经济的影响。这样，有必要深入研究既产生财富和福利，也包含风险的实践活动的管理，也有必要研究替代能源以及能源短缺的后果。能源选择研究足以延续到将来很长时间（300年），所以应该研究“持续性（sustainability）”的概念，包括长期的环境后果。二、研究结构第…     

资源开发环境影响评价方法

本文所论述的环境影响评价方法是根据加拿大南部萨克其万河主要矿业开发的评价确定的。该方法也适合于其它不同类型资源开发的评价。该评价方法研究组是由水生生态,陆地生态、大气质量,职业保健与安全和社会经济等方面专家组成,在这个协作组的直接领导下研究和实施评价方法为了确保环境评价准确无误,专业人员在工作中对海岸草原同环境要素之间的关系进行了论证。