A model for positive environmental control

In the control of pollution, two apparently important facts are often negelected: (1) removal of a particular pollutant from a particular source and location may merely result in transforming it into a pollutant, or pollutants of different forms, in other locations; (2) the activity of pollution control itself requires inputs, the production of which may generate additional pollutants. In order to achieve positive environmental control, these two facts must be considered in selecting control processes and in determining optimum control standards. It is necessary that an integrated approach to pollution control be taken, making allowances for ecological inter-relations. As practiced today, pollution control is handled as separate problems of disposing gas, liquid and solid wastes. This paper proposes a model for evaluating the total environmental impact of a pollution control process or method. Theoretical criteria for determining an optimum control level with or without resource constraint are also derived.     

Water and soil pollution by Spent lubricating oils

This paper shows that spent lubricating oils from automobile engines generate carboxylic acids on environmental exposure. Samples of exposed oils, isolated from polluted river water and shore muds obtained from various locations, showed a direct proportionality between carboxylic acid content and time of exposure. Carboxylic acids were isolated by solvent extraction and studied by infrared spectroscopy.     

Plutonium in sheep faeces as an indicator of deposition on vegetation

In order to study the deposition on vegetation of plutonium arising from the testing of nuclear weapons and discharges from nuclear facilities, sheep faeces were collected from the South-west and North of England. The plutonium content of faeces has been shown to be a reproducible and sensitive indicator of deposition on herbage and, with this technique, plutonium discharged from the Sellafield Works of British Nuclear Fuels LImited can be detected 60 km from the site. On moorland pastures the concentration of ^239+240Pu in faeces, expressed as activity per gram of ash, is roughly equal numerically to the deposit of plutonium on 1 m² of vegetation.Some of the plutonium ingested by a grazing sheep is absorbed and the highest concentrations are found in liver. The liver of a sheep grazing on pasture where the ^239+240Pu concentration in faeces was about 2 pCi (74 mBq) g⁻¹ of ash, was found to contain <1% of the Generalised Derived Limit for mutton and offal, and the meat <0·001%.     

职业接触苯乙烯工人静脉血中蛋白质环氧苯乙烯加合物的分析测定

静脉血中蛋白质－环氧苯乙烯（ＳＯ）加合物的分析测定是将蛋白质中半胱氨酸残留经分解后，用Ｒａｎｅｙ Ｎｉ催化反应生成两种加合物：α－苯己醇，β－苯已醇，再用五氟苯氯衍生，ＧＣ／ＭＳ测定，用同样的方法测ＳＤ大鼠血的蛋白质加合物，结果表明动物血中蛋白质加的与实验的苯乙烯或ＳＯ剂量有较好的相关性；而且ＳＯ与半胱氨酸的反应α位强于β位，在人群实验中，对一个石棉厂职业接触苯乙烯工人静脉血中的蛋白质加合物进行测     

厌氧平板膜生物反应器连续处理猪场废水研究

本研究以实际猪场废水为原料,在中温（37±1）℃条件下利用浸没式平板膜生物反应器进行180d连续厌氧发酵试验,以水力停留时间5,3和2d的梯度变化逐渐增加容积负荷,研究反应器运行性能,污泥比产甲烷活性,膜过滤特性和膜的清洗效果.试验结果表明,随水力停留时间的缩短,反应器的容积产沼气率分别达到0.68,1.03和1.12L/（L·d）,稳定运行期间出水的总挥发性脂肪酸分别为（169±41）mg/L,（15±3）mg/L和（114±45）mg/L,以乙酸为主.反应器中厌氧污泥的乙酸比产甲烷活性测试表明,以2000mg/L的乙酸为基质,HRT 3d时具有最大比产甲烷活性1.127g-COD/（g-VSS·d）.本试验发生膜污染的周期约4个月.采用2%的柠檬酸浸泡3h,可以恢复膜的过滤性能.在较低通量下,反应器中7~32g/L的污泥浓度并不会明显的影响平板膜的过滤性能.本研究结果显示,厌氧膜生物反应器有处理猪场废水的可能性.