Characterization and removal of odors from refuse material

Odorous gases emitted from refuse wastes were scrubbed through activated carbon columns until odor breakthrough occured. Refuse air samples were collected at the influent and effluent ports of the columns for analysis on a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometric system and for odor determination by dynamic olfactometry. Chromatographic profiles of the gases emitted from refuse material were obtained and volatiles identified included carboxylic acids and some sulphur compounds. Organoleptic tests with a dynamic olfactometer revealed that the odor concentration of refuse air averaged about 50 sou m^–3. The adsorption capacities of four commercial grades of activated carbon for refuse odor were evaluated and compared. Results indicated that chemically impregnated activated carbons that are commonly used for odor control at sewerage facilities were less cost effective than non-chemically impregnated carbons.     

Mathematical balance models for monitoring the state of Lake Baikal

The global cycles of man-produced pollutants entering the natural environment are reflected in changes of pollutant cycles, even in background regions.The system of mathematical balance simulation models of inorganic pollutant distribution and circulation (some heavy metals and pesticides included in the priority list for integrated background monitoring) has been developed for the Lake Baikal drainage basin. The system consists of the following units: (1) inventory and classification of regional sources of pollutants entering the atmosphere, natural waters and soils; (2) computation of the global atmospheric transfer and depositions; (3) regional spreading with atmospheric fluxes and deposition onto the underlying surfaces; (4) transport with waterflows feeding Lake Baikal; (5) transport with the lake currents and balance in the lake.The models developed have enabled improvement of existing programmes and systems of observations, in particular to substantiate the large-scale snow sampling and analysis network, and to develop the programme of integrated surveys of the state of Lake Baikal. Since 1981 these actions have been included in the operational network observations within the Lake Baikal Monitoring System.     

Environmental and biological monitoring of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of various biological parameters for monitoring of workers exposed to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Fifty male workers from a large magnetic videotape factory participated in this study. Personal air samples were collected using 3M organic vapor monitors and analysed for MEK by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (FID). 10 mL of urine; blood (1 mL) and exhaled air were also collected at the end of an 8-hour workshift. The headspace GC method was applied for measurement of urinary and blood MEK. MEK in expired air was analysed directly by using a GC/FID.The correlation coefficients (r) between environmental MEK and all other biological parameters measured show significant positive relationships. The r for environmental MEK and urine MEK was 0.84; for blood 0.73 and for breath 0.64. The correlation coefficients between blood and urine was 0.72; blood and breath was 0.88 and urine and breath 0.60. These findings suggest that measurements of unmetabolised MEK in blood, exhaled air and urine can be used for biological monitoring of MEK exposure. Nevertheless, laboratory methodological assessment is in favour of measuring urinary MEK as it is non-invasive and does not have to be analysed immediately after collection.     

Impact of distillery effluent application to land on soil microflora

A pot culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different treatments of distillery wastewater, i.e. raw, treated, diluted and raw distillery wastewater mixed with domestic waste stabilization pond effluent (1:1) on populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and nitrogen fixing bacteria. The results indicated that raw wastewater decreased the population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The growth rates of Rhizobium and Azotobacter were also reduced after raw wastewater application. The toxic effect of raw wastewater was minimized when it was mixed with stabilization pond effluent (1:1), this was demonstrated by an increase in the populations of all the microorganisms studied. When a groundnut plant was irrigated with raw distillery wastewater, no fruits were produced and there was also less nodulation. This study indicates that raw distillery wastewater is very toxic to the soil microorganisms which are important in the soil ecosystem.     

Effect of Humic Acid on the Bioavailability of γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane in Marsilea Minuta (L.)

Effect of various concentrations of humic acid (0.2 to 1%) on thebioavailability of -HCH in vegetative clones of theaquatic fern Marsilea minuta was studied in a staticexperimental bioassay system on different photoperiods. Additionof humic acid showed the reduction in the bioavailability of-HCH in all the photoperiods (72 hr light to 144 hrlight) at the interval of 16 hr light (L) and 8 hr dark (D) inboth aerial and submerged portion as compared to controlindicating its protective role in toxicity.     

A study on the behaviour of pesticides and their transformation products in the Scheldt estuary using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) was used to study the estuarine behaviour of the polar pesticides, atrazine, chloridazon, diuron and metolachlor, and their transformation products (TPs), hydroxyatrazine (HA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), desethylatrazine (DEA), 3,4-dichlorophenylmethylurea (DPMU) and monuron. The compounds were identified by comparing their LC retention times and product-ion spectra with those of standard solutions. In all but one case the detection limits of the method were sufficient to determine the compounds of interest over the entire salinity range in the estuary. The concentrations of the dissolved pesticides ranged from 70 ng l-1 for chloridazon to 1350 ng l-1 for diuron. The levels of TPs were 3-8% of the levels of their parent pesticide. The mixing plots of polar pesticides and their TPs indicated that TPs, which are present in fresh river water, are conservatively transported to the sea and that no additional amounts of TPs are formed during their transport through the estuary. The one exception was HA, of which approximately 10% of the amount transported to the North Sea is formed in the lower part of the estuary by photochemical oxidation of atrazine. The latter was concluded from the ratios of each analyte over the sum total of the parent pesticide and all TPs along the salinity gradient, which proved to be a useful tool for identifying such estuarine transformations.     

Quantification of protein adducts of hexahydrophthalic anhydride and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride in human plasma

Hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) are two highly allergenic compounds used in the chemical industry. A method was developed for quantification of protein adducts of HHPA and MHHPA in human plasma. The plasma was dialysed and the anhydrides were hydrolysed from the proteins at mild acidic conditions. The released hexahydrophthalic acid (HHP acid) and methylhexahydrophthalic acid (MHHP acid) were purified by reversed solid phase extraction followed by derivatisation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The derivatives were analysed using GC-MS in negative ion chemical ionisation mode with ammonia as moderating gas. As internal standards, deuterium labelled HHP and MHHP acids were used. The detection limits were 0.06 pmol mL(-1) plasma for HHP acid and 0.03 pmol mL(-1) plasma for MHHP acid. The between-day precisions for HHP acid were 18% at 0.3 pmol mL(-1) and 8% at 4 pmol mL(-1). For MHHP acid, the precisions were 13% at 0.3 pmol mL(-1) and 9% at 4 pmol mL(-1). There were strong correlations (r=0.94 for HHPA and 0.99 for MHHPA) between total plasma protein adduct concentrations and serum albumin adduct levels. Workers exposed to time-weighted average air levels of HHPA between < 1 and 340 microg m(-3) and between 2 and 160 microg m(-3) for MHHPA had plasma adduct levels between the detection limits of the methods and 8.40 and 19.0 pmol mL(-1), respectively.     

The influence of geometry and draught shields on the performance of passive samplers

Passive samplers provide an excellent opportunity to perform indicative measurements or establish a dense network of measuring sites. A drawback compared with conventional active measuring methods is the larger spread of results. This variation can, to a large extent, be attributed to the influence of temperature, sampler geometry and wind on sampling results. A proper design of sampler geometry and optimum choice of draught shield can reduce the influence of wind velocity on a badge type sampler to less than 10%. Wire mesh screens prove to be inadequate in damping turbulence. Filters give good results. Attention should be paid to the size and isolation value of the walls of the sampler to prevent thermal updrafts occurring within the sampler. Tube type samplers are less influenced by wind, provided that turbulence is prevented from influencing diffusion within the sampler.     

Desert Water Harvesting to Benefit Wildlife: A Simple, Cheap, And Durable Sub-Surface Water Harvester for Remote Locations

A sub-surface desert water harvester was constructed in the sagebrush steppe habitat of south-central Idaho, U.S.A. The desert water harvester utilizes a buried micro-catchment and three buried storage tanks to augment water for wildlife during the dry season. In this region, mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranges between about 150–250 mm (6″–10″), 70% of which falls during the cold season, November to May. Mid-summer through early autumn, June through October, is the dry portion of the year. During this period, the sub-surface water harvester provides supplemental water for wildlife for 30–90 days, depending upon the precipitation that year. The desert water harvester is constructed with commonly available, “over the counter” materials. The micro-catchment is made of a square-shaped, 20 mL. “PERMALON” polyethylene pond liner (approximately 22.9 m × 22.9 m = 523 m²) buried at a depth of about 60 cm. A PVC pipe connects the harvester with two storage tanks and a drinking trough. The total capacity of the water harvester is about 4777 L (1262 U.S. gallons) which includes three underground storage tanks, a trough and pipes. The drinking trough is refined with an access ramp for birds and small animals. The technology is simple, cheap, and durable and can be adapted to other uses, e.g. drip irrigation, short-term water for small livestock, poultry farming etc. The desert water harvester can be used to concentrate and collect water from precipitation and run-off in semi-arid and arid regions. Water harvested in such a relatively small area will not impact the ground water table but it should help to grow small areas of crops or vegetables to aid villagers in self-sufficiency.