城市饮用水消毒副产物及前体物的处理技术

介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的前体物的控制和消除的策略与处理工艺，消毒副产物的前体物处理技术及近年发展起来的饮用水生物处理技术及其发展前景。     

公共场所人群加速度异常检测系统

针对目前基于速度检测公共场所密集人群异常行为存在的检测准确率低、使用范围局限的问题,从人群的加速度角度对可能导致公共安全事故的人群异常行为进行研究,提出了一种基于加速度检测人群异常行为的算法,并基于该算法实现了针对人群逃散、人群聚集、人群拥挤和人群逆行4种异常行为检测的系统。首先,利用金字塔Lucas-Kanade光流法进行特征点跟踪;然后,在获取到特征点的速度矩阵基础上进一步计算其加速度矩阵,反映速度的整体变化;最后,从加速度大小和方向两方面检测人群异常行为。结果表明,所提算法检测用时较少,相比基于速度检测的对比算法,检测的正确率提高到80%,误报率降低为5%。     

不同填料对潜流湿地PO43——P去除效果的影响

为解决中国西部农村生活污水的面源污染问题,采用吸附动力学和热力学试验,测定了6种天然和非天然潜流湿地填料吸附水中PO₄3--P的特性。结果表明:填料的吸附平衡时间均为24 h;对PO₄3--P的动力学吸附过程符合Elovich模型;温度为15~35℃时,砾石、混凝土、红砖、瓷砖和生物炭对PO₄3--P的平衡浓度为40 mg/L;砾石和生物炭对PO₄3--P的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型;混凝土、瓷砖、红砖和无烟煤对PO₄3--P的吸附过程符合Freundlich模型;吸附过程主要以物理吸附为主且吸热,PO₄3--P在填料中的吸附为焓推动作用,均不属于自发过程;在24 h时,混凝土对PO₄3--P的去除率为73.45%;因此,混凝土对PO₄3--P吸附效果最佳,更适宜作湿地填料。     

An integrated chemical mass balance and source emission inventory model for the source apportionment of PM2.5 in typical coastal areas

The source apportionment of PM_2.5 is essential for pollution prevention. In view of the weaknesses of individual models, we proposed an integrated chemical mass balance-source emission inventory (CMB-SEI) model to acquire more accurate results. First, the SEI of secondary component precursors (SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, and VOCs) was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors. Then, a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contributions of primary particle sources and secondary components (SO₄^2?, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, and SOC). Afterwards, the contributions of secondary components were apportioned into primary sources according to the source emission ratios. The final source apportionment results combined the contributions of primary sources by CMB and SEI. This integrated approach was carried out via a case study of three coastal cities (Zhoushan, Taizhou, and Wenzhou; abbreviated WZ, TZ, and ZS) in Zhejiang Province, China. The regular CMB simulation results showed that PM_2.5 pollution was mainly affected by secondary components and mobile sources. The SEI results indicated that electricity, industrial production and mobile sources were the largest contributors to the emission of PM_2.5 gaseous precursors. The simulation results of the CMB-SEI model showed that PM_2.5 pollution in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province presented complex pollution characteristics dominated by mobile sources, electricity production sources and industrial production sources. Compared to the results of the CMB and SEI models alone, the CMB-SEI model completely apportioned PM_2.5 to primary sources and simultaneously made the results more accurate and reliable in accordance with local industrial characteristics.     

Kinetic and mechanism studies of the ozonolysis of three unsaturated ketones

Reaction rate constants and products of 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one with ozone were studied in a 100-L fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film bag using absolute rate method at 298 ± 1 K and atmospheric pressure. The rate constants were (1.09 ± 0.12) × 10^?17, (3.48 ± 0.36) × 10^?17 and (5.70 ± 0.60) × 10^?17 cm³/(molecule?sec), respectively. According to the obtained rate constants, the effects of carbonyl were discussed. The carbonyl group in β position has a net withdrawing effect with respect to an olefinic bond, then causing the decline of rate constants. The quantum chemical calculation was used to explain the results of rate constants. The products of ozonolysis were mainly aldehydes, which have significant influence on the formation of SOA, and hence play an important role in the atmosphere. In this work, we detected the main products of reaction and proposed the reaction mechanism by combining the results of quantum chemical calculations. Atmospheric lifetime for three unsaturated ketones reacted with ozone was 36.4, 11.4 and 6.9 hr for 1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one and 4-hexen-3-one, respectively.     

Volatile organic chloramines formation during ClO2 treatment

Volatile organic chloramines are reported as the disinfection byproducts during chlorination or chloramination.However,ClO_2,as an important alternative disinfectant for chlorine,was not considered to produce halogenated amines.In the present work,volatile organic chloramines including(CH_3)_2 NCl and CH_3 NCl_2 were found to be generated during the reaction of ClO_2 and the dye pollutants.(CH_3)_2 NCl was the dominant volatile DBP to result from ClO_2 treated all four dye pollutants including Methyl Orange,Methyl Red,Methylene Blue and Malachite Green,with molar yields ranging from 2.6% to 38.5% at a ClO_2 to precursor(ClO_2/P) molar ratio of 10.HOCl was identified and proved to be the reactive species for the formation of (CH_3)_2 NCl,which implied(CH_3)_2 NCl was transformed by a combined oxidation of ClO_2 and hypochlorous acid.(CH_3)_2 NCl concentrations in the ppb range were observed when real water samples were treated by ClO_2 in the presence of the dye pollutants.The results suggest that these azo dyes are one of the significant precursors for the formation of HOCl during ClO_2 treatment and that organic chloramines should be considered in ClO_2 disinfection chemistry and water treatment.     

Seasonal variations of soil bacterial communities in Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China

Estuarine wetland is the transitional interface linking terrestrial with marine ecosystems, and wetland microbes are crucial to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. The soil samples were collected in four seasons (spring, S1; summer, S2; autumn, S3; and winter, S4) from Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China, and the variations of bacterial community were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. Soil properties presented a significant seasonal change, including pH, carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), and the microbial diversity, richness and structure also differed with seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests implied that soil pH, C and TN were the key factors structuring the microbial community. Gillisia (belonging to Bacteroidetes) and Woeseia (affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria) were the two primary components in the rhizosphere soils, displaying opposite variations with seasons. Based on PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) prediction, the xenobiotics biodegradation related genes exhibited a seasonal decline, while the majority of biomarker genes involved in nitrogen cycle showed an ascending trend. These findings could advance the understanding of rhizosphere microbiota of Suaeda in estuarine wetland.     

低通时序滤波轨线法在太湖营养过程识别中的应用

环境背景条件变化会导致湖泊ρ（Chla）与环境因子响应关系发生变化.采用低通时序滤波轨线方法可以方便地识别ρ（Chla）与环境因子响应关系的时间转折点,将长时间序列数据进行分段,从而建立分段回归函数,为研究环境因子与湖泊ρ（Chla）的因果关系提供了一种新的思路.以太湖为研究对象,采用低通时序滤波轨线方法,评估了2001—2018年太湖的ρ（Chla）与营养盐〔ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）〕以及氮磷比〔ρ（TN）/ρ（TP）〕的变化过程,研究了年均气温、滞留时间对产藻效率〔ρ（Chla）/ρ（TP）〕的影响过程.结果表明:①2006年、2011年为太湖营养过程轨线的两个时间转折点,将太湖的营养过程轨线分为3段.第1段为污染阶段（2001—2006年）,太湖的ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（Chla）同步升高,于2006年达到第一个峰值;第2段为修复阶段（2006—2011年）,太湖的ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（Chla）同步降低,于2011年达到谷值;第3段为富营养化加剧阶段（2011—2018年）,太湖的ρ（TN）呈下降趋势,ρ（TP）与ρ（Chla）同步升高,至今未出现转折点.②太湖藻类生长的限值因子为ρ（TP）,2011年之后氮磷比进入浮游藻类适宜生长区,为蓝藻暴发提供了条件.③2011—2018年产藻效率增长了51%,且目前仍在升高未出现转折点,气温升高可能是主要原因.④依据2011—2018年的滤波值建立ρ（Chla）-ρ（TP）的函数预测,为控制蓝藻暴发〔ρ（Chla） < 10 mg/m3〕,太湖的ρ（TP）需要控制在52 μg/L以下.⑤2006年后,太湖的滞留时间呈现缩短趋势,对藻类的繁殖形成抑制,但滞留时间不是影响产藻效率的关键因子.研究显示:自2006年太湖流域实施一系列生态修复工程后,湖泊氮浓度明显降低,但由于流域氮磷排放量较大而且湖体沉积物中累积磷含量较高,致使水体营养盐水平仍未降到能显著抑制蓝藻生长的水平;目前气温升高趋势仍在持续,太湖的控藻形势严峻,为摆脱气候变暖对蓝藻水华趋势的决定作用,应当在控氮基础上加大控磷的力度,同时更多考虑水文调节、生物修复、加强打捞等措施.      

CANON生物膜载体储存及活性恢复研究

采用不同活性恢复手段研究了短期低温（20d,15℃）储存及常温（25℃）低负荷运行后,CANON-MBBR反应器的活性恢复效果.结果显示,CANON悬浮载体经短期低温储存后,通过先恢复温度后缓慢提高进水负荷的方式可使其TN去除负荷恢复率达到102%.若在温度未恢复的基础上直接将进水负荷提升至原水平运行,CANON悬浮载体生物膜将无法维持正常的EPS含量而易发生脱膜现象,致使TN去除负荷恢复率仅为84%.另外,系统有一定基质浓度的基础上,经过25d常温（25℃）低负荷SBR运行后,通过同样的恢复手段可使TN去除负荷恢复率达到96%.通过微生物菌群分析,确定CANON-MBBR系统中功能微生物优势菌属分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,采取合适的恢复手段使系统进入稳定运行阶段后,两者丰度均可分别达到11%以上及27%以上,且悬浮载体脱膜并未对微生物组成造成明显影响.