Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

有机氯农药污染土壤的Fenton氧化修复研究

研究了Fenton氧化对某实际有机氯农药污染场地土壤的修复效果。结果显示:Fenton氧化能够快速有效地降解污染土壤中的六氯和DDTs。当Fe2+浓度为80 mmol/L,Fe2+与H2O2的摩尔浓度比为1∶5,水土比10∶1时,反应6 h,土壤中六氯和总DDT的去除率分别为:96.7%和78.2%。每方土的修复成本估算为951元。     

表面处理清洁生产线的研发

介绍了中国电器科学研究院近期研制开发的电镀、氧化等金属表面处理新型生产线。对生产线各相关系统进行研究,通过改进与创新,达到清洁、节能、智能化等目的。     

佳木斯市粉煤灰资源综合利用可行性分析

通过分析佳木斯市粉煤灰的产生量和主要用途,探讨粉煤灰综合利用的方法及原理,从而解决佳木斯市粉煤灰对环境的影响,变废为宝,实现固体废弃物的减量化、资源化、无害化.目的是解决建筑的填埋造成土地的不可复耕,破坏生态和粉煤灰的填埋产生的渗滤液对地下水的威胁.使固体废物综合利用项目可以收到良好的社会效益、经济效益、环境效益,阐述在佳木斯市投资粉煤灰综合利用项目的的可行性.     

推进工业领域污染防治的实施战略研究

通过对工业污染防治面临的主要问题以及未来工业绿色发展态势和国家环境保护严峻形势进行深入分析,指出"十三五"是中国工业面临转型升级的重要战略机遇期,并重点从推动生产方式绿色化、发展节能环保产业、推进清洁生产和循环经济、强化污染防治力度等方面提出了工业行业在推进污染防治工作中的总体思路和发展战略。     

陶瓷材料放射性衰变时间及最佳平衡周期研究

简述了有关放射性样品衰变平衡及平衡时间的基本理论,运用碘化钠γ谱仪对衰变时间介于0～27 d区间内的三组陶瓷样品进行放射性比活度测定,采取t检验法分析了同一样品在0d～7d、7d～12d、15 d、21 d等不同衰变时间条件下,放射性核素226Ra、232Th、40K比活度测试结果之间的差异程度,通过实验验证陶瓷样品衰变时间对其放射性测定结果准确性的影响.研究表明,当每组检测结果数据的显著性差异水平为5％,若兼顾科学性和经济性,则陶瓷样品的最佳放射性衰变时间应为至少21 d.     

二氧化碳捕集技术进展研究

CO2排放主要源于化石燃料燃烧过程,减少化石燃料燃烧过程排放的CO2对于降低大气中CO2浓度具有重要意义.针对燃烧过程排放的CO2,分析了CO2捕集技术的原理、工艺流程、优劣性和适用性,并归纳了CO2捕集技术的研发趋势.结果表明:CO2捕集技术主要包括燃料燃烧前捕集、燃烧后捕集和富氧燃烧.为了有效缓解因CO2排放导致的一系列环境及社会问题,后续需要进一步降低CO2捕集技术的成本以及通过立法以约束企业的CO2排放行为.     

Cultivar-dependent rhizobacteria community and cadmium accumulation in rice: Effects on cadmium availability in soils and iron-plaque formation

The association between the rhizospheric microbial community and Cd accumulation in rice is poorly understood. A field trial was conducted to investigate the different rhizobacterial communities of two rice cultivars with high Cd accumulation (HA) and low Cd accumulation (LA) at four growth stages. Results showed that the Cd content in the roots of the HA cultivar was 1.23 - 27.53 higher than that of the LA cultivar (0.08 - 10.5 µg/plant) at four stages. The LA cultivar had a significantly lower Cd availability in rhizosphere and a higher quantity of iron plaque (IP) on the root surface than the HA cultivar at four stages. This resulted in the reduction of Cd concentration in IPs and Cd translocation from IP-to-root. Microbial analysis indicated that the LA cultivar formed a distinct rhizobacterial community from the HA cultivar and had less α-diversity. The rhizosphere of the LA cultivar was enriched in specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Massilia and Bacillus) involved in Cd immobilization by phosphate precipitation and IP formation by iron oxidization. However, the rhizosphere in the HA cultivar assembled abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Sulfuricurvum) and iron reduction bacteria (Geobacter). They promoted Cd mobilization and reduced IP formation via the metal redox process. This study reveals a potential approach in which specific rhizobacteria decrease or increase Cd accumulation in rice on contaminated soil and provides a new perspective for secure rice production.     

电法填埋场渗漏检测供电电极接地电阻研究

采用电法进行垃圾填埋场渗漏检测时,供电电极的接地电阻对回路电流起决定性作用.分别推导了半球状供电电极和圆柱状供电电极的接地电阻表达式,并对影响接地电阻大小的主要因素进行了分析和试验验证.结果表明:①电极的接地电阻主要由电极附近的土壤电阻决定;②随着电极埋深的增加,电极的接地电阻减少,但当埋深超过40 cm时,随着电极埋深的增加,电极接地电阻的减小趋势变缓;③随着电极直径的增加,电极的接地电阻减少.实际应用中,电极的埋深和直径应尽可能大一些,但电极直径较大时,电极质量也会显著增加,给操作带来不便.因此,可将电极直径定为10～15 cm.此外,由于土壤一般为颗粒状,这使得土壤和电极不能完全接触,为降低接地电阻,可对电极附近的土壤进行浇水.      

ERT技术在无机酸污染场地调查中的应用

利用高密度电阻率法对硫酸废液污染的场地进行污染调查,由于硫酸废液侵入土壤,使其介质的溶质浓度发生了改变,导致SO₄2-与地表潜水作用,电传导性提高,被污染土壤含盐量增加,但是电阻率降低与未被硫酸废液侵入的土层形成了一定的电性差异. 通过二维和三维电阻率层析成像(ERT)技术,圈定硫酸废液侵入土壤中的分布范围、侵蚀深度以及扩散羽流等,并对ERT结果进行土工试验异常验证. 结果表明:硫酸废液污染土壤的视电阻率小于6.0 Ω·m,污染区域长度达25.0 m,深度约4.0 m;地表土污染长度为12.0 m,表面宽度约4.0 m,污染土壤的总体积约为222.0 m3.