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11.
Contrary to Bateman’s principle, polyandry appears to be a common female mating strategy. Several hypotheses have been proposed
to explain the evolution of polyandry. It is assumed that females gain either material or genetic benefits from multiple matings,
or that they are coerced into mating by males. In water striders, mating is generally assumed to be costly to females, and
they are thought to mate for reasons of convenience, adjusting their resistance to mating according to male harassment. Here,
we tested the effect of number of matings (with the same male) and number of partners on female fitness in a water strider
Aquarius paludum. In the first experiment, we regulated the time females spent with a male and found that females’ egg production increased
with multiple matings up to a point. The result supports the existence of an optimal female mating frequency. In the second
experiment, we tested how polyandry affects the number of eggs laid and egg hatching success. We conducted three different
trials: females mated four times with either a single male, two different males, or with four different males. Females that
mated with four different males laid the lowest number of eggs and had the lowest egg hatching success, suggesting that polyandry
reduces females’ egg production and egg hatching success in A. paludum. We conclude that A. paludum females probably gain material benefits from mating but no genetic benefits were found in this study. 相似文献
12.
Gael Dur Sami Souissi David Devreker Vincent Ginot François G. Schmitt Jiang-Shiou Hwang 《Ecological modelling》2009
Limited empirical studies have elucidated the daily egg production and associated reproductive processes of egg bearing copepod. Herein, we present an individual-based model which constitutes a realistic representation of the reproduction in egg bearing copepods. The model has been parameterized using an extensive set of experimental data obtained from the literature and from the laboratory and field experiments on the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. The proposed model takes into account the adult female longevity, the clutch size and interclutch duration, which is a function of egg maturation time and latency time required by the female after egg hatching to produce a new clutch. The embryonic development time and hatching success are also taken into account. The effect of temperature on the means and variances of above-mentioned reproductive parameters has been also incorporated. A multi agent system based generic platform “Mobidyc” has been used to generate and calibrate the model. The model demonstrates the reproductive parameters of females of E. affinis which is validated through individual based experiments. Temperature specific simulations provide a dynamical explanation of temperature effect on the cumulative egg production. The daily survival principally affects the number of clutches produced per female during its life span. The results obtained in the present study by combining temperature and survival effects reveal the relatively greater importance of the first factor on the daily egg production of egg-carrying copepods. The present model is generic and hence easily applicable to other animals with comparable reproductive strategy. 相似文献
13.
Ahmed E. Bishara Habib I. Shaban Hamad Al-Adwani Sami H. Ali 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2001,9(4):137-147
A novel copolymer system has been synthesized using methyl hydroquinone diacetate (MHQDA), 1,4 naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1,4 NDCA), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) using the melt polymerization technique. The optimum kinetic parameters pertinent to this system are reported in this study. A simple second-order reaction sequence summarizes catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions between MHQDA, 1,4 NDCA, and PBT. The kinetic parameters for the copolymerization reaction were determined using a new second-order model. This technique was used to compute the moles of acetic acid generated in the polymerization process. The model was compared to that of the experimentally determined data. Close comparison (percentage error of less than 5%) was obtained between the experimental and theoretical data. The kinetic data support block copolyester formation. The thermal data also supports formation of block polymers. 相似文献
14.
Magne Friberg Namphung Vongvanich Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson Darrell J Kemp Sami Merilaita Christer Wiklund 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(6):873-886
Animal courtship rituals are important for species recognition, and a variety of cues might be utilized to recognize conspecific
mates. In this paper, we investigate different species-recognition mechanisms between two sympatric butterfly sister species:
the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) and Real’s wood white (Leptidea reali). We show that males of both species frequently court heterospecific females both under laboratory and field conditions.
The long-lasting elaborate courtships impose energetic costs, since the second courtship of males that were introduced to
two subsequent conspecific females lasted on average only one fourth as long as the first courtship. In this paper, we demonstrate
that premating reproductive isolation is dependent on female unwillingness to accept heterospecific mates. We studied female
and male courtship behavior, chemical signaling, and the morphology of the sexually dimorphic antennae, one of the few male
traits visible for females during courtship. We found no differences in ultraviolet (UV) reflectance and only small differences
in longer wavelengths and brightness, significant between-species differences, but strongly overlapping distributions of male
L. sinapis and L. reali antennal morphology and chemical signals and minor differences in courtship behavior. The lack of clear-cut between-species
differences further explains the lack of male species recognition, and the overall similarity might have caused the long-lasting
elaborate courtships, if females need prolonged male courtships to distinguish between con- and heterospecific suitors. 相似文献
15.
The effects of residing in a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated environment on the cytometric characteristics of hemocytes from the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (collected from the Rappahannock River, Virginia, USA in Spring 1991) were analyzed using a multichannel Coulter counter (10000 hemocytes oyster-1). The percentage and relative volume of small-sized hemocytes (>2.5 to 5.1 m) was higher (P<0.01) in oysters from Hospital Point (HP, a PAH contaminated site) in the Elizabeth River (ER), Virginia, compared to oysters from the relatively unpolluted Rappahannock River (RR). On the contrary, a decrease (P<0.001) in the percentage and volume of larger hemocytes (>6.2 to 10 m) was observed in the HP-oysters. Maintaining the RR-oysters at the HP site for 8 wk induced statistically significant increases in the number and relative volume contribution of the >2.5 to 5.1 m hemocytes and sharp decreases in the occurrence and relative volume of >6.2 to 13 m cells (P<0.01). By depurating the HP-oysters in the York River (the control site), the number of, and volume contributed by the small hemocytes (>2.5 to 5.1 m) showed a significant decrease over time as compared to the baseline values. On the other hand, the relative number of >6.2 to 13 m hemocytes increased sharply within 8 wk (P<0.001). This indicates that these changes are both inducible and reversible and, at least in part, due to exposure to the ER-sediment. Based on these studies, oyster hemocyte cytometric characteristics could be developed as a sensitive biomarker of exposure to PAH. 相似文献
16.
Personal exposure to fine particulate matter in elderly subjects: relation between personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Janssen NA de Hartog JJ Hoek G Brunekreef B Lanki T Timonen KL Pekkanen J 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2000,50(7):1133-1143
The time-series correlation between ambient levels, indoor levels, and personal exposure to PM2.5 was assessed in panels of elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Helsinki, Finland. Subjects were followed for 6 months with biweekly clinical visits. Each subject's indoor and personal exposure to PM2.5 was measured biweekly, during the 24-hr period preceding the clinical visits. Outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured at fixed sites. The absorption coefficients of all PM2.5 filters were measured as a marker for elemental carbon (EC). Regression analyses were conducted for each subject separately, and the distribution of the individual regression and correlation coefficients was investigated. Personal, indoor, and ambient concentrations were highly correlated within subjects over time. Median Pearson's R between personal and outdoor PM2.5 was 0.79 in Amsterdam and 0.76 in Helsinki. For absorption, these values were 0.93 and 0.81 for Amsterdam and Helsinki, respectively. The findings of this study provide further support for using fixed-site measurements as a measure of exposure to PM2.5 in epidemiological time-series studies. 相似文献
17.
Tuhkanen Sami Lehtilä Antti Savolainen Ilkka 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1999,4(2):91-112
The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions may be quite expensive and it is necessary to consider reduction measures for other anthropogenic greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as well. Their contribution to the total GHG emission from Finland is about 15–20%. In Finland most of the CH4 emissions are due to waste management, agriculture and burning processes. N2O emissions originate from burning processes, agriculture, industry and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen. The cost-effective reduction of the Finnish GHG emissions has been studied with the EFOM-ENV model, which is a quasi-dynamic linear energy system optimisation model. The target function to be minimised is the total discounted cost for the modelled system. In this study the model has been expanded to cover all well-known anthropogenic CO2, CH4 and N2O sources and reduction measures. The results indicate it is economic to reduce the emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O in Finland. It is profitable to exploit the economic reduction potential of CH4 and N2O, because then the abatement of CO2 emissions does not need to be as extensive as when the reduction is aimed only at CO2 emissions. The inclusion of CH4 and N2O decreases the annual reduction costs about 20% in the year 2010. 相似文献
18.
We show in this study that intersexuality can occur in the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis, and we reported the presence of three intersexual copepod individuals from a laboratory culture of this species from the
Seine estuary conducted at low temperature (7°C). These individuals presented both female and male characteristics. The prosome
size and antennules of intersex individuals were similar to those of normal females, but all the other morphological details
were more similar to normal males. The appearance of the three intersex individuals in the culture at low temperature coincided
with a decrease in food quality due to a feeding with Rhodomonas marina at its stationary phase. This induced a significant decrease in the mean clutch size and skewed sex-ratio in favor of males.
The reduction in food quality in addition to low temperature of 7°C (which induced slow development) is suspected to be responsible
of the appearance of intersex individuals. This stressful situation seems to propagate to the following two generations at
low temperature in contrast to the case of the experiment at higher temperature 20°C where no intersex individual was observed.
These results confirmed the role of food quality in sex determination of copepods. Moreover, the role of early developmental
stages and also the consequences of stressful conditions throughout different generations were discussed. 相似文献
19.
Global population collapse in a superabundant migratory bird and illegal trapping in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Johannes Kamp Steffen Oppel Alexandr A. Ananin Yurii A. Durnev Sergey N. Gashev Norbert Hölzel Alexandr L. Mishchenko Jorma Pessa Sergey M. Smirenski Evgenii G. Strelnikov Sami Timonen Kolja Wolanska Simba Chan 《Conservation biology》2015,29(6):1684-1694
Persecution and overexploitation by humans are major causes of species extinctions. Rare species, often confined to small geographic ranges, are usually at highest risk, whereas extinctions of superabundant species with very large ranges are rare. The Yellow‐breasted Bunting (Emberiza aureola) used to be one of the most abundant songbirds of the Palearctic, with a very large breeding range stretching from Scandinavia to the Russian Far East. Anecdotal information about rapid population declines across the range caused concern about unsustainable trapping along the species’ migration routes. We conducted a literature review and used long‐term monitoring data from across the species’ range to model population trend and geographical patterns of extinction. The population declined by 84.3–94.7% between 1980 and 2013, and the species’ range contracted by 5000 km. Quantitative evidence from police raids suggested rampant illegal trapping of the species along its East Asian flyway in China. A population model simulating an initial harvest level of 2% of the population, and an annual increase of 0.2% during the monitoring period produced a population trajectory that matched the observed decline. We suggest that trapping strongly contributed to the decline because the consumption of Yellow‐breasted Bunting and other songbirds has increased as a result of economic growth and prosperity in East Asia. The magnitude and speed of the decline is unprecedented among birds with a comparable range size, with the exception of the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), which went extinct in 1914 due to industrial‐scale hunting. Our results demonstrate the urgent need for an improved monitoring of common and widespread species’ populations, and consumption levels throughout East Asia. 相似文献
20.
Managing Mediterranean soil resources under global change: expected trends and mitigation strategies
Lagacherie Philippe Álvaro-Fuentes Jorge Annabi Mohamed Bernoux Martial Bouarfa Sami Douaoui Abdelkader Grünberger Olivier Hammani Ali Montanarella Luca Mrabet Rachid Sabir Mohammed Raclot Damien 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):663-675
Regional Environmental Change - The soils of the Mediterranean Basin are the products of soil processes that have been governed by a unique convergence of highly differentiated natural and... 相似文献