Strategic adaptation of nitrogen management for El Niño Southern Oscillation-induced winter wheat system

The rainfall anomaly (RA) associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has various unwanted impacts on agricultural system globally. The loss of inorganic nitrogen (N) depending on extreme wet or dry conditions is a major concern. The main objective of this study was to adapt site-specific N strategies to mitigate the effects of ENSO on yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; WW) system. After thorough calibration and evaluation, Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT, version 4.5) model suite was adapted. Seasonal analysis was used to compare the variability in simulated leached-N, N uptake, and WW yields under long-term historical real-weather conditions. The site X climate interactions and impacts of weather factors on WW yields were assessed across 60 growing seasons in three phases of ENSO: El Niño (EN), La Niña (LN), and neutral (NT). Based on RA, the simulated yields were lower during LN than EN (11 %) and NT (12 %) on coastal sandy-loam soils and higher during LN than EN (13 %) and NT (8 %) on heavy silt loam soils at valley. N strategy with basal of 22 kg N ha^?1?+?a split of 112 kg N ha^?1 at Feekes (F) 4 stage of WW was adapted for maximum yield and minimum N leaching during LN at valley and NT at coastal sites. However, basal of 22 kg N ha^?1?+?two equal splits of 56 kg N ha^?1 at both F4 and F6 was found as the most adaptable N strategy during both EN and NT phases at valley and EN and LN at coastal sites.     

Spatio-temporal variation in physicochemical properties of coastal waters off Kalpakkam, southeast coast of India, during summer, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period

Seasonal observations on water-quality parameters and chlorophyll-a in the coastal waters off Kalpakkam, southeast coast of India, was carried out covering an area of about 30 km(2) to find out the variations in physicochemical properties during a monsoonal cycle of the year. Most of the parameters exhibited a significant spatial and seasonal variation. It revealed that the coastal water was significantly influenced by freshwater input from the nearby backwaters during North-east monsoon and post-monsoon periods. A marginal increase in pH from coast towards offshore was noticed during the observation. Relatively low salinity values were observed during pre and post monsoon when compared to summer. Bottom water was found to be highly turbid during summer and pre-monsoon conditions when compared to surface. This could be attributed to the strong northerly wind and northward current prior to the onset of southwest monsoon. N, P and Si based nutrients are relatively high in their concentration in the bottom water. Nitrate was significantly high during post-monsoon and contributed greatly towards total nitrogen as evident from the statistical correlation. Ammonia concentration was relatively high in the bottom samples during all the seasons except on a few occasions during post-monsoon. In general, phosphate and total phosphorous values remained low and particularly so in the surface water. Higher silicate concentration was observed in the bottom water, and there was a reducing trend towards offshore. High chlorophyll-a values were observed during summer and surface water was found to have higher pigment concentrations as compared to the bottom. Results show that phosphate acts as the limiting factor for phytoplankton production particularly during post-monsoon period whereas; none of the nutrients were found to be limiting the phytoplankton growth during other seasons.     

Correction to: Trace elements in surface sediments of the Hooghly (Ganges) estuary: distribution and contamination risk assessment

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Unfortunately, in the original publication of the article, Prof. Yong Sik Ok’s affiliation was incorrectly published. The author’s affiliation is...     

Release behavior and bioefficacy of imazethapyr formulations based on biopolymeric hydrogels

Controlled release formulations of imazethapyr herbicide have been developed employing guar gum-g-cl-polyacrylate/bentonite clay hydrogel composite (GG-HG) and guar gum-g-cl-PNIPAm nano hydrogel (GG-NHG) as carriers, to assess the suitability of biopolymeric hydrogels as controlled herbicide release devices. The kinetics of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations was studied in water and it revealed that the developed formulations of imazethapyr behaved as slow release formulations as compared to commercial formulation. The calculated diffusion exponent (n) values showed that Fickian diffusion was the predominant mechanism of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations. Time for release of half of the loaded imazethapyr (t_1/2) ranged between 0.06 and 4.8 days in case of GG-NHG and 4.4 and 12.6 days for the GG-HG formulations. Weed control index (WCI) of GG-HG and GG-NHG formulations was similar to that of the commercial formulation and the herbicidal effect was observed for relatively longer period. Guar gum-based biopolymeric hydrogels in both macro and nano particle size range can serve as potential carriers in developing slow release herbicide formulations.     

Colocasia esculenta stem as novel biosorbent for potentially toxic metals removal from aqueous system

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Biosorption is an ingenious technique that uses biological materials to acquire trace metal ions from wastewater. In the present study, the ability of...     

Arsenic speciation in polychaetes (Annelida) and sediments from the intertidal mudflat of Sundarban mangrove wetland, India

This paper documents the concentration of total arsenic and individual arsenic species in four soft-bottom benthic polychaetes (Perenereis cultifera, Ganganereis sootai, Lumbrinereis notocirrata and Dendronereis arborifera) along with host sediments from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India. An additional six sites were considered exclusively for surface sediments for this purpose. Polychaetes were collected along with the host sediments and measured for their total arsenic content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Arsenic concentrations in polychaete body tissues varied greatly, suggesting species-specific characteristics and inherent peculiarities in arsenic metabolism. Arsenic was generally present in polychaetes as arsenate (As^V ranges from 0.16 to 0.50 mg kg^?1) or arsenite (As^III ranges from 0.10 to 0.41 mg kg^?1) (30–53 % as inorganic As) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA^V <1–25 %). Arsenobetaine (AB < 16 %), and PO₄-arsenoriboside (8–48 %) were also detected as minor constituents, whilst monomethylarsonic acid (MA^V) was not detected in any of the polychaetes. The highest total As (14.7 mg kg^?1 dry wt) was observed in the polychaete D. arborifera collected from the vicinity of a sewage outfall in which the majority of As was present as an uncharacterised compound (10.3 mg kg^?1 dry wt) eluted prior to AB. Host sediments ranged from 2.5 to 10.4 mg kg^?1 of total As. This work supports the importance of speciation analysis of As, because of the ubiquitous occurrence of this metalloid in the environment, and its variable toxicity depending on chemical form. It is also the first work to report the composition of As species in polychaetes from the Indian Sundarban wetlands.     

Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the performance of floodplain Phragmites japonica under nutrient stress condition

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth, nutrient uptake, and inoculation effectiveness on Phragmites japonica. Spores of AMF strains (Gigaspora margarita Becker &; Hall) were collected from the commercial product ‘Serakinkon’. Four treatments, namely, natural soil (NS), natural soil inoculated by AM fungi, sterilised soil (SS) inoculated by AM fungi, and SS without AM fungi inoculation were selected to determine the effects of applied and indigenous AMF on P. japonica. The average colonisation level of P. japonica was 24–33%, whereas no colonisation was found in the SS. AMF colonisation increased the chlorophyll content (r?=?0.84, p?r?=?0.89, p?相似文献   

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in flora and fauna of Hooghly estuary,east coast of India

Spectroscopic determinations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni were carried out in 23 organisms including seaweeds, zooplankters, molluscs and fishes from Hooghly estuary at the confluence of Bay of Bengal. Seaweeds and gastropods were more efficient in accumulating levels while zooplankters bivalves and fishes showed intermediate levels. Analyses were performed on the sediment, water and on the individual dissected organs of a mussel, oyster and teleost fish. Bioaccumulation of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the soft body parts (gills, mantle, liver etc.) of the three species showed a high degree of organ specificity in some cases. Major sources of the micropollutants include natural weathering, catchment runoff, urban and industrial discharges that may pose an ecological risk to the local estuarine ecosystem.     

Variations of bed elevations due to turbulence around submerged cylinder in sand beds

This paper presents the spatio-temporal variations in bed elevations and the near-bed turbulence statistics over the deformed bed generated around the submerged cylindrical piers embedded vertically on loose sediment bed at a constant flow discharge. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume for three blockage ratios in the range of 0.04–0.06 using three different sizes of submerged cylinders individually placed vertically at the centerline of the flume. Clear-water experimental conditions were maintained over the smooth sediment bed surface with a constant flow discharge (\(Q = 0.015\,{\rm m}^3/{\rm sec}\)), thereby giving three different cylinder Reynolds numbers \(Re_{D_c} = \frac{U_mD_c}{\nu }\) (=10200, 12750, 15300) away from the cylinder locations, where \(U_m\) is the maximum mean velocity, \(D_c\) is the cylinder diameter and \(\nu\) is the kinematic viscosity of fluid. Instantaneous sand bed elevations around the cylinders were recorded using a SeaTek 5MHz ultrasonic ranging system of net 24 transducers to estimate bed form migration, and the near-bed velocity data at transducer locations over the stable deformed bed around the pier-like structures were collected using down-looking three-dimensional (3D) Micro-acoustic Doppler velocimeter to estimate the bottom Reynolds shear stresses and the contributions of bursting events to the dominant shear stress component. The flow perturbation generated due to relatively lower flow blockage ratio favored to achieve the stable bed condition more rapidly than the others, and larger upstream scour-depth and deformed areas were noticed for greater flow blockage ratio due to larger cylinder diameter. For larger blockage ratio in the upstream of scour-hole near the bed, occurrences of probabilities of both boundary-ward interactions (Q1 and Q3) were the dominant; whereas in the downstream of the scoured region, occurrences of probabilities of second and third quadrant events (Q2 and Q4) were dominant. On the other hand, for the lower blockage ratio, quadrant (Q2) was dominant over Q4 in the downstream of scour-hole, and in the upstream of scour-hole, quadrant Q4 was the dominant.     

Encapsulation of bioactive compounds using nanoemulsions

Roughly one-third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year, approximately 1.3 billion tonnes, gets lost or wasted, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). There is therefore an urgent need for new methods to preserve food. Encapsulation using nanoemulsions is a powerful technique for the protection of food-grade ingredients including vitamins, lipids, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. In general, nanoemulsion systems demonstrate superior characteristics over conventional emulsions. This is due to their smaller droplet size, transparent optical properties, higher physical stability against droplet destabilization factors and improved bioavailability of the entrapped active ingredients. In general, nanoemulsions have been prepared with different sizes of droplets. However, a droplet size higher than 200 nm is generally preferred for food applications. Here we review nanoemulsion compositions, types of active ingredients, applications in different types of food systems, toxicological and safety aspects, and future directions.