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41.
Marc Carreras-Sospedra Satish Vutukuru Jacob Brouwer Donald Dabdub 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(26):3215-3223
This study assesses the air quality impacts of central power generation and compares them with the impacts of distributed generation (DG). The central power plant emissions factors used are from a newly installed combined cycle gas turbine system. Because location of power plants is a key parameter affecting air quality impacts, this study considers three potential locations for the installation of central power plants. Air quality impacts are evaluated for the South Coast Air Basin of California, in the year 2010, using a three-dimensional air quality model. Results are compared to air quality impacts from two potential DG scenarios to meet the same power demand as that of the central power plant case.Even though emissions from central generation are lower than emissions from the DG technology mix considered herein, central generation concentrates emissions in a small area, whereas DG spreads emissions throughout a larger cross-section of the air basin. As a result, air quality impacts from central generation are more significant than those from DG. The study also shows that assessment of air quality impacts from distributed and central generation should not only consider emissions levels, but also the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions and the air quality that results from atmospheric chemistry and transport – highly non-linear processes.Finally, analysis of population exposure to ozone and PM2.5 shows that central generation located in coastal areas upwind from populated areas would cause the highest population exposure and even though emissions from central generation are considerably lower than DG emissions spread throughout the basin, results show that central generation causes a higher pollutant exposure than DG. 相似文献
42.
Atul B. Borade Satish V. Bansod Vivek R. Gandhewar 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(4):407-416
Globalization and trade among developed and developing countries has increased the need of risk communication at the workplace. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in risk communication and perception in various countries. It looked at hazard perception associated with colors and safety words among Indian industry workers. Fifty workers participated in the study focused on hazard rating of 9 safety words and 7 colors. In one part of the study the participants were asked to associate colors with safety words through recalling them from their long-term memory; in another they were asked to associate safety words with given colors. The results showed that certain words and colors implied different hazard rating at the workplace. The rank ordering of safety words and colors varied significantly in different countries. Hence population factors should be taken into consideration when designing standards for hazard communication. 相似文献
43.
Gupta Himanshu Kumar Harish Gehlaut Avneesh Kumar Singh Satish Kumar Gaur Ankur Sachan Sadhana Park Jin-Won 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(2):569-581
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - A great deal of focus has been given to finding a bio-composite film to substitute petroleum-based synthetic plastic in recent years. Many animals... 相似文献
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The role of built environment on pedestrian crash frequency 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigates (i) the link of land use and road design on pedestrian safety and (ii) the effect of the level of spatial aggregation on the frequency of pedestrian accidents. For this purpose, pedestrian accident frequency models were developed for New York City based on an extensive dataset collected from different sources over a period of 5 years. The assembled dataset provides a rich source of variables (land-use, demographics, transit supply, road network and travel characteristics) and two different crash frequency outcomes: total and fatal-only collision counts. Among other things, it was observed that the census tract analysis (disaggregate data) provides more insightful and consistent results than the analysis at the zip code level. The results indicate that tracts with greater fraction of industrial, commercial, and open land use types have greater likelihood for crashes while tracts with a greater fraction of residential land use have significantly lower likelihood of pedestrian crashes. Moreover, census tracts that have a greater number of schools and transit stops - which are determinants of pedestrian activity - are more likely to have greater crashes. Results also show that the likelihood of pedestrian-vehicle collision increases with the number of lanes and road width. This suggests that retrofitting or narrowing the roads could possibly reduce the risk of pedestrian crashes. 相似文献
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Traina SJ Fendinger NJ McAvoy DC Kerr KM Gupta S 《Journal of environmental quality》2002,31(1):247-255
This research examined the fate of polydimethylsilicones (PDMS) in agricultural test plots amended with municipal biosolids. This 4 yr field study involved addition of 0, 15, and 100 Mg ha(-1) of municipal biosolids, which contained ambient concentrations of PDMS (1272 mg kg(-1) biosolids), to corn and soybean test plots. Soil samples collected at intermittent time intervals were analyzed for soil water, soil organic C, extractable PDMS and PDMS hydrolysis products. Above normal precipitation during the field study maintained soil water levels in excess of 100 g kg(-1) for most of the testing period of 1994-1998. Under these conditions half-lives for PDMS (based on field dissipation data) ranged from 876 to 1443 d. When biosolids amended soil samples were brought into the laboratory and subjected to more rapid drying, >80% of the PDMS was transformed to lower molecular weight hydrolysis products within 20 d. No difference in relative PDMS transformation rates were evident for soils that received PDMS in the form of a biosolids amendment or directly dosed to the soil (in the absence of biosolids) indicating little if any effect of direct PDMS-biosolids interactions on PDMS transformation rates. These results support that the overriding factor controlling the fate of PDMS in field soils is the soil moisture content. 相似文献
49.
This research has developed mathematical models for computing lifetime greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with materials. The models include embodied carbon (EC) emissions from the manufacture of materials, and GHG emissions from incineration, or landfill gas (LFG) production from landfill disposal of the material beyond their service lives. The models are applicable to all materials; however, their applications here are demonstrated for the lumber from a residential building with 50- and 100-year service lives, and with incineration, landfill, and deconstruction as end-of-life treatments. This paper introduces a new metric for lifetime GHG emissions associated with materials termed “Global Warming Impact of Materials (GWIM).” The GWIM is subdivided into two portions: (i) productive portion (GWIMp) that includes the materials’ emissions until the service life of the facility and (ii) non-productive portion (GWIMnp) which includes the materials’ GHG emissions beyond the service life until they are eliminated from the atmosphere. In place of the current, static, EC measurements (kgCO2e or MTCO2e), this model reports the GWIMs in units of kgCO2e-years or MTCO2e-years, which includes the effects of “time of use” of a facility. Using the models, this paper has computed GHG reductions by deconstruction, with material recoveries of 30%, 50%, and 70% at demolition for reuse, recycle, or repurpose. A 70% material recovery, after a 50-year service life of the building, affected a savings of 47% and 52% if the remaining 30% debris was incinerated or landfilled respectively. All of the values computed using models checked out with manual calculations. 相似文献
50.
Chaudhari PR Gupta R Gajghate DG Wate SR 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2487-2496
Heavy metals released from different sources in urban environment get adsorbed on respirable particulate matter less than
10 μm in size (PM10) and are important from public health point of view causing morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the ambient air quality monitoring
was carried out to study the temporal and special pattern in the distribution of PM10 and associated heavy metal content in the atmosphere of Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India during 2001 as well as in 2006.
PM10 fraction was observed to exceed the stipulated standards in both years. It was also observed that minimum range of PM10 was observed to be increased in 2006 indicating increase in human activity during nighttime also. Six heavy metals were analyzed
and were observed to occur in the order Zn > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr in 2006, similar to the trend in other metro cities in
India. Lead and Nickel were observed to be within the stipulated standards. Poor correlation coefficient (R
2) between lead and PM10 indicated that automobile exhaust is not the source of metals to air pollution. Commercial and industrial activity as well
as geological composition may be the potential sources of heavy metal pollution. Total load of heavy metals was found to
be increased in 2006 with prominent increase in zinc, lead, and nickel in the environment. Public health impacts of heavy
metals as well as certain preventive measures to mitigate the impact of heavy metals on public health are also summarized. 相似文献