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261.
Schneider A 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(1):394-401
The understanding of the availability of a metal in soil necessitates a minimum knowledge about its speciation in the soil solution. Here, we evaluated an alternative to the use of ion exchangers for estimating the free ionic fraction of cadmium (FCd) in solution. It is based on the exchange selectivity coefficient (VK) rather than the distribution coefficient (DK) to estimate FCd. Because VK for the Cd-Ca exchange for the used Amberlite resin was independent of the solution Ca concentration (0.5-7.5 mM) and pH (range: 4.5-6), the experiment on a solution mimicking the analyzed solution to estimate VK was not necessary. The influence of variable Ca and Mg concentrations in solution on FCd was assessed in synthetic solutions containing either citrate or malate. The best way to estimate FCd seemed to treat the exchange data as if Ca was solely present. However, neither the proposed approach nor those applying DK prevent the overestimation of FCd when Ca is partly complexed in the analyzed solution. A method intending to estimate two replicates of FCd for a given, unique solution was also studied on solutions issued from sorption-desorption experiments performed on a humic podzol. It consists of two successive supplies of a known resin mass to a unique sample. Both estimates were close and not significantly different. 相似文献
262.
Potentials for the prevention of municipal solid waste 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Salhofer S Obersteiner G Schneider F Lebersorger S 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2008,28(2):245-259
Waste prevention has been assigned the highest priority under European waste management law. However, the initiatives which have been taken so far have not reduced the regular annual increase in total waste arising across Europe. The purpose of this paper is to quantify and analyze in depth the prevention potential for selected case studies (advertising material, beverage packaging, diapers, food waste, waste from events). Only such measures are considered, which do not require a reduction of consumption. The prevention potentials for household waste in theory are exemplified for the city of Vienna, also with a view to barriers that may reduce the achievable prevention potential. The results show that the prevention potentials for the analyzed individual measures can reach an order of magnitude of some 10% of the relevant waste stream (e.g., advertising material, beverage packaging), or rather 1-3% of municipal solid waste. The prevention potentials appear to be relatively small in relation to the total municipal waste quantities. Methodological shortcomings, such as the missing availability of basic data, make it difficult to exactly estimate the impact of waste prevention measures on waste quantities, which is only one of the effects of waste prevention among other ecological, social and economic aspects. 相似文献
263.
Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for atrazine monitoring in water samples 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Diana L. D. Lima Rudolf J. Schneider Valdemar I. Esteves 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(5):3157-3164
The implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) requires the establishment of monitoring programs. However, conventional procedures for sample preparation prior to chromatographic analysis are rather expensive and time consuming, being the development of cost-effective and easy tool a necessity. The aim of this work was to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) able to determine atrazine in water samples. Matrix effects evaluation showed that the increase of humic acid (HA) concentration leads to flattened calibration curves and to the loss of the sigmoidal shape. However, such interference was overcome, by the presence of an environmental sample buffer, incubated together with the samples. Recoveries from 88.5 to 119.2 % were obtained in the presence of HA concentrations up to 20 mg?L?1. An analytical range from 0.003 to 1 μg?L?1 was obtained, and atrazine was detected in a sewage treatment plant with concentrations ranging from 14 to 52 ng?L?1. 相似文献
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H. Jahrmärker H. Scheffler J. Classen R. Wielebinski S. Brandt G. I. Distler K. Holland-Moritz G. Habermehl M. Klessinger E. J. Ariens R. Askani H. A. Staab F. A. Gunther G. Olive S. Olive L. Hottinger H. Ziegler H. Autrum J. W. Winchester G. Schneider G. Müller 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1974,61(6):277-280
267.
Leakage and Comparative Advantage Implications of Agricultural Participation in Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Heng-Chi Lee Bruce A. McCarl Uwe A. Schneider Chi-Chung Chen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):471-494
The world is moving toward efforts to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Reduction efforts may involve the agricultural
sector through options such as planting of trees, altering crop and livestock management, and increasing production of biofuels.
However, such options can be competitive with domestic food production. In a free trade arena, reduced domestic food production
could stimulate increased production and exports in other countries, which are not pursuing net emission reductions. As a
consequence, emission reduction efforts in implementing countries may be offset by production increases stimulated in other
countries.
We examine the competitive effects of agriculturally related emission reduction actions on agricultural production and international
trade. In doing this, we employ the assumption that U.S. emission reduction caused cost increases will also occur in other
reducing countries. We consider emission reduction: 1) unilaterally by the U.S., 2) by all Kyoto Protocol Annex B countries,
and 3) globally. The results, which are only suggestive of the types of effects that would be observed due to the simplifying
cost assumptions, indicate compliance causes supply cutbacks in regulated countries and increases in non-regulated countries.
The study results show that producers in regulating countries are likely to benefit and consumers lose due to commodity price
increases.
Seniority of Authorship is shared among the first three authors. 相似文献
268.
G. Schneider 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1979,66(2):65-72
The seismic focal process is controlled by two kinds of physical parameters: On the one hand, stable entities namely the tectonic-stress field, the dimensions of elastically reacting volumes, and the size and orientation of preexisting fractures; on the other hand, frictionlike processes which greatly influence the situation before an earthquake and the seismic dislocations. Because of the singular direction of fault movements the friction processes change in an irreversible manner. These continuously changing situations determine, however, the relationship between aseismic creep and seismic movements. The friction phenomena also determine the distribution of seismic dislocations on focal surfaces of different geometric area. 相似文献
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