洪灾经济总损失按产值估算方法探讨

洪水灾害经济损失的准确计量,是进一步作出灾害救援决策和减灾投资的主要依据,因此,能否及时、合理和科学地评估灾害损失,成为减灾防灾过程中的重要技术环节;但由于洪水灾害在发生过程中的复杂性和影响环境的多变性,使得灾害经济损失计量尤其是即时的评估成为目前学术界一大难题。根据受淹区域行业经济产值和洪水特征资料进行估算损失,具有方法简单、应用灵活、可操作性强的优点。     

影响太子河流域鱼类空间分布的不同尺度环境因子分析

鱼类的退化受到不同类型环境因子的影响,为制定更合理的鱼类保护计划,本研究采用了非度量多维标度法(NMS)研究了太子河流域不同尺度环境因子对鱼类空间分布的影响.鱼类聚类结果发现太子河流域鱼类可分为3种分布类型区,即上游森林及支流源头区、中游山地区和下游平原区.NMS分析表明太子河流域鱼类空间分布受到流域、河段和微生境这3种尺度上环境因子的影响,海拔、河流等级和土地利用在流域尺度上对鱼类分布表现出显著影响,速度与深度结合等级、栖境复杂性等级和电导率等因子在河段尺度上表现出显著作用,底质等级是在微生境尺度上具有显著作用.因此,在流域鱼类保护管理中应考虑不同尺度上环境因子的影响.     

太子河流域不同水生态区鱼类群落分布与环境因子的关联性

为了研究影响鱼类群落分布的环境因子在不同水生态区间的差异性,基于太子河流域3个水生态区,于2010年8月调查了全流域53个采样点的鱼类群落分布及水体理化环境因子,利用F-IBI(鱼类完整性指数)对河流健康进行评价,并对影响太子河流域不同水生态区鱼类群落分布和河流健康的环境因子进行筛选分析. 结果表明:水生态Ⅰ区(上游山地区)整体表现为健康,Ⅱ区(中游丘陵区)以处于健康状况的采样点居多(45%),Ⅲ区(下游平原区)健康状况不佳,处于一般、差、极差等级的采样点占到90%. 通过比较不同水生态区良好(F-IBI≥50.03)和不健康(F-IBI≤37.06)状况对应采样点的环境因子发现,水生态Ⅰ区内ρ(TN)差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅱ区内表现为林地面积所占比例差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅲ区内海拔、ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)的差异显著(P<0.05). 典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)结果显示,影响鱼类群落分布的环境因子在水生态Ⅰ区为平均流速(F=2.75, P=0.005),在Ⅱ区为林地面积所占比例(F=2.65, P=0.003),在Ⅲ区则为ρ(COD_Cr)(F=3.83, P=0.001)、平均流速(F=3.42, P<0.001)、ρ(TP)(F=3.46, P=0.001)和pH(F=2.90, P=0.002). 研究显示,在制订流域鱼类保护方案时,应当充分考虑不同水生态区特定环境因素的影响.      

The littoral zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: challenges and opportunities

For flood control purpose, the water level of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) varies significantly. The annual reservoir surface elevation amplitude is about 30 m behind the dam. Filling of the reservoir has created about 349 km² of newly flooded riparian zone. The average flooding period lasts for more than 6 months, from mid-October to late April. The dam and its associated reservoir provide flood control, power generation, and navigation, but there are also many environmental challenges. The littoral zone is the important part of the TGR, once its eco-health and stability are damaged,which will directly endanger the ecological safety of the whole reservoir area and even the Yangtze River Basin. So, understanding the great ecological opportunities which are hidden in littoral zone of TGR (LZTGR) and putting forward approaches to solve the environmental problems are very important. LZTGR involves a wide field of problems, such as the landslides, potential water pollution, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, land cover changes, and other issues. The Three Gorges dam (TGD) is a major trigger of environmental change in the Yangtze River. The landslides, water quality, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, dam operation, and challenge for land use are closely interrelated across spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, the ecological and environmental impacts caused by TGD are necessarily complex and uncertain. LZTGR is not only a great environmental challenge but also an ecological opportunity for us. In fact, LZTGR is an important structural unit of TGR ecosystem and has special ecosystem services function. Vegetation growing in LZTGR is therefore a valuable resource due to accumulation of carbon and nutrients. Everyone thinks that the ecological approach to the problem is needed. If properly designed, dike–pond systems, littoral woods systems, and re-created waterfowl habitats will have the capacity to capture nutrients from uplands and obstruct soil erosion. Ecological engineering approaches can therefore reduce environmental impacts of LZTGR and optimize ecological services. In view of the current situation and existing ecological problems of LZTGR, according to function demands such as environmental purification, biodiversity conservation, and vegetation carbon sink enhancement, we should explore the eco-friendly utilization mode of resources in LZTGR. Ecological engineering approaches might minimize the impacts or optimize the ecological services. Natural regeneration and ecological restoration in LZTGR are valuable for soil erosion decrease, pollutant purification, biodiversity conservation, carbon sink increase, and ecosystem health maintenance in TGR.     

Rice–wheat cropping cycle in Punjab: a comparative analysis of sustainability status in different irrigation systems

There is a general contention among scholars that first, wheat–paddy cropping pattern is largely responsible for declining ground water table in Punjab and secondly, that the wheat–paddy cropping system is becoming unsustainable over time as the yield levels of these two major crops are stagnating. However, the existing evidences do not throw adequate insight into the stage of groundwater depletion during which the wheat–paddy cycle becomes unsustainable. The paper strengthens the existing empirical base of sustainability status of this cropping cycle in Punjab. A comparison of irrigation systems in terms of both trends in yield and stability for wheat and paddy has been attempted to arrive at a holistic appraisal of sustainability aspects of crop specialization in Punjab. It is observed that the canal dependent irrigation system has performed better as compared to the overexploited groundwater irrigation system in terms of most of the parameters used in the study.

Uptake, translocation and metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in maize (Zea mays L.)

A hydroponic experiment was conducted in the present study to investigate and compare plant uptake, translocation and metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) of BDE-15, BDE-28 and BDE-47 and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of PCB-15, PCB-28 and PCB-47 in maize. Root concentrations of BDE-15, BDE-28 and BDE-47 were consistently higher than PCB-15, PCB-28 and PCB-47, respectively. A significantly positive correlation was found between logRCF (root concentration factor) and logKow of these PBDEs and PCBs, suggesting a control role of their partitioning in plant uptake. The translocation factors (TFs, Cstem/Croot) of PBDEs were generally lower than those of PCBs of the same halogen-substitutions, demonstrating easier transport of PCBs than PBDEs. Metabolites mono-, di- and tri-BDEs and PCBs were detected, suggesting the existence of in vivo metabolism of PBDEs and PCBs in maize. Dehalogenation and rearrangement of halogen atoms were identified, and some similarities but also significant differences existed between the PBDEs and PCBs. PBDEs in maize were, in general, more susceptible to metabolism compared with PCBs of the same halogen-substitutions. This is the first comparative report on the uptake, translocation and metabolism of PBDEs and PCBs in plants.     

Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass and the influence of root colonization with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. BDE-209 dissipation in soil varied with its proximity to the roots and was enhanced by AM inoculation. A negative correlation (P < 0.001, R² = 0.66) was found between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and soil microbial biomass estimated as the total phospholipid fatty acids, suggesting a contribution of microbial degradation to BDE-209 dissipation. Twelve and twenty-four lower brominated PBDEs were detected in soil and plant samples, respectively, with a higher proportion of di- through hepta-BDE congeners in the plant tissues than in the soils, indicating the occurrence of BDE-209 debromination in the soil-plant system. AM inoculation increased the levels of lower brominated PBDEs in ryegrass. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.     

蚯蚓生物滤池对小城镇污泥处理效果简

针对小城镇污泥的处理问题,提出了蚯蚓生物滤池解决方案,为此在实验中设置了无蚯蚓对照组,并对污泥的稳定性、污泥性状、蚯蚓与微生物的协同作用以及污泥含有的各种元素存在状态进行了研究,通过蚯蚓生物滤池处理后污泥有机质含量平均相对减少量为11.1%,溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）增加,滤液中氨氮（NH₃-N）含量由20.6~23.9 mg/L降至1.9~4.6 mg/L、滤液中硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量由0.2~9.5 mg/L升高到42.0~50.8 mg/L,因此,实验结果表明,蚯蚓生物滤池能显著提高污泥的稳定性,改善污泥脱水性能,有利于污泥后续处理。     

Politics of Biodiversity Conservation and Socio Ecological Conflicts in a City: The Case of Sanjay Gandhi National Park,Mumbai

Loss of the green belts in the cities as an antecedent outcome of haphazard and irregular urbanization as one of the principle factors has a negative bearing on the socio ecological services that nature entails. Our paper represents the conditions under which the contemporary statist conservationist efforts to preserve the urban protected areas (PAs) in India induces a marginal existence and livelihood vulnerability upon the survival of the population residing within these PAs. A recent survey to Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai reflects the ways in which a politics of conservation operates not only in the rural regions but also in cities, in highly inequitable and fabricated ways. This has consequently affected the impoverished, disempowered and impecunious inhabitants who comprise a considerable segment of population in cosmopolitan Mumbai, residing within the PAs. The present article assesses the ways in which in metropolises, PAs by definition determine jurisdictions and exercise rights to exclude the social groups who are marginal and less powerful. This is to preserve a pristine people free aesthetic environment in cities, for which there is an increasing demand from the local elite. The results of the study indicate the socio ecological aspects of the conservation politics in the city of Mumbai. The emergent consequences are in terms of the questions of universal rights to the PAs or reflecting an elitist provision of environmental integrity to the privileged visitors in the city.     

The linear accumulation of atmospheric mercury by vegetable and grass leaves: Potential biomonitors for atmospheric mercury pollution

One question in the use of plants as biomonitors for atmospheric mercury (Hg) is to confirm the linear relationships of Hg concentrations between air and leaves. To explore the origin of Hg in the vegetable and grass leaves, open top chambers (OTCs) experiment was conducted to study the relationships of Hg concentrations between air and leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The influence of Hg in soil on Hg accumulation in leaves was studied simultaneously by soil Hg-enriched experiment. Hg concentrations in grass and vegetable leaves and roots were measured in both experiments. Results from OTCs experiment showed that Hg concentrations in leaves of the four species were significantly positively correlated with those in air during the growth time (p?<?0.05), while results from soil Hg-enriched experiment indicated that soil-borne Hg had significant influence on Hg accumulation in the roots of each plant (p?<?0.05), and some influence on vegetable leaves (p?<?0.05), but no significant influence on Hg accumulation in grass leaves (p?>?0.05). Thus, Hg in grass leaves is mainly originated from the atmosphere, and grass leaves are more suitable as potential biomonitors for atmospheric Hg pollution. The effect detection limits (EDLs) for the leaves of alfalfa and ryegrass were 15.1 and 22.2 ng g^–1, respectively, and the biological detection limit (BDL) for alfalfa and ryegrass was 3.4 ng m^–3.