Rice–wheat cropping cycle in Punjab: a comparative analysis of sustainability status in different irrigation systems

There is a general contention among scholars that first, wheat–paddy cropping pattern is largely responsible for declining ground water table in Punjab and secondly, that the wheat–paddy cropping system is becoming unsustainable over time as the yield levels of these two major crops are stagnating. However, the existing evidences do not throw adequate insight into the stage of groundwater depletion during which the wheat–paddy cycle becomes unsustainable. The paper strengthens the existing empirical base of sustainability status of this cropping cycle in Punjab. A comparison of irrigation systems in terms of both trends in yield and stability for wheat and paddy has been attempted to arrive at a holistic appraisal of sustainability aspects of crop specialization in Punjab. It is observed that the canal dependent irrigation system has performed better as compared to the overexploited groundwater irrigation system in terms of most of the parameters used in the study.

煤化工废水零排放的制约性问题

对煤化工废水零排放可能实现的技术途径进行了分析,指出目前煤化工废水零排放存在技术经济、环境影响、规划管理等方面的制约性问题,并提出建议措施,为今后强化煤化工废水零排放环境管理提供借鉴。     

吸附融合菌的固定化及对铬吸附特性研究

研究了融合菌的固定化方法及吸附特性,结果表明:1.5%海藻酸钠为包埋剂包埋50 g/L融合菌可制成物理和吸附性能较好的固定化吸附剂;40 g/L(约含5 g/L融合菌)的固定化吸附剂对30 mg/L含Cr废水的去除率可达94.54%;当投加量为50 g/L(约含6 g/L融合菌)时,固定化吸附剂可完全去除实际电镀废水(pH:2.67,Cu:1.70 mg/L,Cr:20.62 mg/L,N i:29.97 mg/L,Zn:1.11 mg/L)中的Cu和Cr,且对N i和Zn的去除率也分别达到了48.05%和61.09%;吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型;填充柱工艺适用于固定化吸附剂连续处理含铬废水,当流速为150 mL/h和250 mL/h时填充柱一次稳定处理水量分别为7.2 L和11.5 L,且延长水力停留时间可提高出水水质。     

无线遥控水质自动采样系统的研发与应用

针对现行废水污染源采样中存在的问题,综合应用无线通信、自动控制、信息处理等现代技术,研发无线遥控水质自动采样系统。该系统集常规采样、质控采样、比对采样、超标采样等功能于一体,并可实现采样全程的远程无线遥控,大大增强废水采样的客观性、代表性、公正性,提高工作效率和快速反应能力。     

基于振动传递率的钢框架损伤识别试验研究

提出了基于振动传递率和主元分析相结合的新的损伤识别方法。首先,由结构无损伤时某2个位置的振动传递率样本构成结构的参考总体,以结构损伤状态时相同位置的振动传递率构成待检样本集;其次,把待检样本逐个代入到参考总体中,构成多个原始数据矩阵;然后,对所有原始数据矩阵进行主元分析并构造相应的控制椭圆和T2控制图,以前2阶主元在控制椭圆和T2控制图中的分布来确定结构是否存在损伤;最后,用一钢框架结构试验验证了本文方法的有效性,并引入振动传递率幅值的总体变化来识别结构损伤位置,损伤识别结果显示,此损伤指标能够很好的识别结构单一位置的损伤。     

开发区土地集约利用的区域效应分析——以吉林省中部开发区为例

从集约评价的角度研究开发区土地集约利用对区域经济社会发展的效应,不仅可以掌握开发区与区域经济社会发展的协调性以及开发区土地利用情况,还可以为政府相关部门、土地管理及规划等部门提供有力的决策工具,对推进吉林省开发区土地利用方式转变,提高开发区土地利用效率,促进区域经济结构调整,加快区域经济发展和城市化进程都具有重大的现实意义。本文以吉林省中部为研究对象,选取12个开发区,运用数据包络分析方法(DEA)对开发区土地集约利用的区域效应进行分析,得出结论:(1)长春市开发区土地集约利用的区域效应已达到最优状态,对区域经济发展带动有效性较好,而吉林市和四平市均处于规模效益递减状态;(2)有国家级开发区的市,其开发区土地集约利用状况的区域效应更好;(3)吉林省中部地区开发区总体发展不均衡:省级开发区与国家级开发区差距大,省级开发区中也呈现发展不平衡的现象。     

Politics of Biodiversity Conservation and Socio Ecological Conflicts in a City: The Case of Sanjay Gandhi National Park,Mumbai

Loss of the green belts in the cities as an antecedent outcome of haphazard and irregular urbanization as one of the principle factors has a negative bearing on the socio ecological services that nature entails. Our paper represents the conditions under which the contemporary statist conservationist efforts to preserve the urban protected areas (PAs) in India induces a marginal existence and livelihood vulnerability upon the survival of the population residing within these PAs. A recent survey to Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai reflects the ways in which a politics of conservation operates not only in the rural regions but also in cities, in highly inequitable and fabricated ways. This has consequently affected the impoverished, disempowered and impecunious inhabitants who comprise a considerable segment of population in cosmopolitan Mumbai, residing within the PAs. The present article assesses the ways in which in metropolises, PAs by definition determine jurisdictions and exercise rights to exclude the social groups who are marginal and less powerful. This is to preserve a pristine people free aesthetic environment in cities, for which there is an increasing demand from the local elite. The results of the study indicate the socio ecological aspects of the conservation politics in the city of Mumbai. The emergent consequences are in terms of the questions of universal rights to the PAs or reflecting an elitist provision of environmental integrity to the privileged visitors in the city.     

蚯蚓生物滤池对小城镇污泥处理效果简

针对小城镇污泥的处理问题,提出了蚯蚓生物滤池解决方案,为此在实验中设置了无蚯蚓对照组,并对污泥的稳定性、污泥性状、蚯蚓与微生物的协同作用以及污泥含有的各种元素存在状态进行了研究,通过蚯蚓生物滤池处理后污泥有机质含量平均相对减少量为11.1%,溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）增加,滤液中氨氮（NH₃-N）含量由20.6~23.9 mg/L降至1.9~4.6 mg/L、滤液中硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量由0.2~9.5 mg/L升高到42.0~50.8 mg/L,因此,实验结果表明,蚯蚓生物滤池能显著提高污泥的稳定性,改善污泥脱水性能,有利于污泥后续处理。     

The linear accumulation of atmospheric mercury by vegetable and grass leaves: Potential biomonitors for atmospheric mercury pollution

One question in the use of plants as biomonitors for atmospheric mercury (Hg) is to confirm the linear relationships of Hg concentrations between air and leaves. To explore the origin of Hg in the vegetable and grass leaves, open top chambers (OTCs) experiment was conducted to study the relationships of Hg concentrations between air and leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The influence of Hg in soil on Hg accumulation in leaves was studied simultaneously by soil Hg-enriched experiment. Hg concentrations in grass and vegetable leaves and roots were measured in both experiments. Results from OTCs experiment showed that Hg concentrations in leaves of the four species were significantly positively correlated with those in air during the growth time (p?<?0.05), while results from soil Hg-enriched experiment indicated that soil-borne Hg had significant influence on Hg accumulation in the roots of each plant (p?<?0.05), and some influence on vegetable leaves (p?<?0.05), but no significant influence on Hg accumulation in grass leaves (p?>?0.05). Thus, Hg in grass leaves is mainly originated from the atmosphere, and grass leaves are more suitable as potential biomonitors for atmospheric Hg pollution. The effect detection limits (EDLs) for the leaves of alfalfa and ryegrass were 15.1 and 22.2 ng g^–1, respectively, and the biological detection limit (BDL) for alfalfa and ryegrass was 3.4 ng m^–3.     

Uptake, translocation and metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in maize (Zea mays L.)

A hydroponic experiment was conducted in the present study to investigate and compare plant uptake, translocation and metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) of BDE-15, BDE-28 and BDE-47 and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of PCB-15, PCB-28 and PCB-47 in maize. Root concentrations of BDE-15, BDE-28 and BDE-47 were consistently higher than PCB-15, PCB-28 and PCB-47, respectively. A significantly positive correlation was found between logRCF (root concentration factor) and logKow of these PBDEs and PCBs, suggesting a control role of their partitioning in plant uptake. The translocation factors (TFs, Cstem/Croot) of PBDEs were generally lower than those of PCBs of the same halogen-substitutions, demonstrating easier transport of PCBs than PBDEs. Metabolites mono-, di- and tri-BDEs and PCBs were detected, suggesting the existence of in vivo metabolism of PBDEs and PCBs in maize. Dehalogenation and rearrangement of halogen atoms were identified, and some similarities but also significant differences existed between the PBDEs and PCBs. PBDEs in maize were, in general, more susceptible to metabolism compared with PCBs of the same halogen-substitutions. This is the first comparative report on the uptake, translocation and metabolism of PBDEs and PCBs in plants.