Bio-beads with immobilized anaerobic bacteria,zero-valent iron,and active carbon for the removal of trichloroethane from groundwater

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are the most common organic pollutants in groundwater systems worldwide. In this study, we developed bio-beads with immobilized anaerobic bacteria, zero-valent iron (ZVI), and activated carbon (AC) powder and evaluated their efficacy in removing 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) from groundwater. Bio-beads were produced by polyvinyl alcohol, alginate, and AC powder. We found that the concentration of AC powder used significantly affected the mechanical properties of immobilized bio-beads and that 1.0 % (w/v) was the optimal concentration. The bio-beads effectively degraded TCA (160 mg L^?1) in the anaerobic medium and could be reused up to six times. The TCA degradation rate of bio-beads was 1.5 and 2.3 times greater, respectively, than ZVI + AC treatment or microbes + AC treatment. Measuring FeS produced by microbial reactions indicated that TCA removal occurred via FeS-catalyzed dechlorination. Analysis of clonal libraries derived from bio-beads demonstrated that the dominant species in the community were Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, which may contribute to the long-term stability of ZVI reactivity during TCA dechlorination. This study shows that the combined use of immobilized anaerobic bacteria, ZVI, and AC in bio-beads is effective and practical for TCA dechlorination and suggests they may be applicable towards developing a groundwater treatment system for the removal of TCA.     

以PEG为模板剂制备Bi2O2CO3及其可见光光催化性能

以聚乙二醇-6000（PEG-6000）为模板剂水热法制备碳酸氧铋（p-Bi2O2CO3）粉末,采用x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和紫外可见漫反射（DRS）对粉末进行了初步表征。在可见光（λ≥420nm）照射下,以罗丹明B（RbB）和水杨酸（SA）光催化降解实验为探针反应,实验结果表明,p-Bi2O2CO3具有较高的光催化活性,对RhB和SA有较好的降解效果。通过紫外-可见光谱（uV-Vis）、红外光谱（IR）和测定总有机碳（TOC）含量,光催化反应35h后RhB的矿化率为77％,同时对SA的降解率达到43％。同时,采用N,N-二乙基对苯二胺（DPD）分光光度法和对苯二甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了降解过程中H2O2和羟基自由基（·OH）的变化,表明p-Bi2O2CO3／Vis光催化降解机理涉及到·OH历程。     

一株产微生物絮凝剂新菌种的鉴定及功能特性

从新疆荒漠土壤中分离筛选絮凝剂产生菌,得到一株对高岭土悬浊液具有较高絮凝活性的微生物絮凝剂产生菌W36-1,根据菌株的Biolog鉴定以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定为一株欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)新种。该菌絮凝产物的发酵动力学研究表明,其属于II型发酵,即菌体生长和产物合成部分偶联;在发酵48 h后絮凝活性最高,产量可达到6 g/L;絮凝特性研究表明,在20~100℃范围内有较高的温度稳定性;在酸性环境条件下有较高的絮凝活性,pH值大于7,絮凝活性迅速下降;一些金属阳离子对絮凝有促进作用,其中,Ca2+的助凝效果最好,Mg2+次之,Al3+和Fe3+的助凝效果最差。该絮凝剂对水中各种重金属离子和色素具有较好的吸附去除作用,显示出其在环境工程中良好的应用前景。     

以PEG为模板剂制备Bi_2O_2CO_3及其可见光光催化性能

以聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)为模板剂水热法制备碳酸氧铋(p-Bi2O2CO3)粉末,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外可见漫反射(DRS)对粉末进行了初步表征。在可见光(λ≥420 nm)照射下,以罗丹明B(RhB)和水杨酸(SA)光催化降解实验为探针反应,实验结果表明,p-Bi2O2CO3具有较高的光催化活性,对RhB和SA有较好的降解效果。通过紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、红外光谱(IR)和测定总有机碳(TOC)含量,光催化反应35 h后RhB的矿化率为77%,同时对SA的降解率达到43%。同时,采用N,N-二乙基对苯二胺(DPD)分光光度法和对苯二甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了降解过程中H2O2和羟基自由基(·OH)的变化,表明p-Bi2O2CO3/Vis光催化降解机理涉及到·OH历程。     

Evaluation and application of blast furnace slag as a mud cake modifier

The aim of this research was to reuse blast furnace slag (BFS) as a mud cake modifier (MCM) to improve the annular isolation quality in oil and gas wells. For the optimum formula of drilling fluid, the effects of MCM on the drilling fluid rheology were investigated. The relationship between the MCM addition and shear strength at cement–formation interface (SSCFI) was evaluated. The experimental results showed that the optimized formula of the drilling fluid has 1.0 wt% MCM and 0.5 wt% XY-27. The simulation results showed that SSCFI increased significantly with the addition of MCM. Based on the mechanism analysis of BFS as an MCM to improve SSCFI, it is found that the transformation of mud cake to agglomerated cake can be the main reason. The application results showed that the success rate of five wells reached 100%, and the rate of quality in cement was 100%. Especially, the average high quality rate of five wells reached 83.7%. Compared with conventional methods, the average high quality rate is increased by 32.6% points. This research provides a new way for sustainable utilization of BFS.     

BTEX exposures in an area impacted by industrial and mobile sources: Source attribution and impact of averaging time

The impacts of emissions plumes from major industrial sources on black carbon (BC) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene isomers) exposures in communities located >10 km from the industrial source areas were identified with a combination of stationary measurements, source identification using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and dispersion modeling. The industrial emissions create multihour plume events of BC and BTEX at the measurement sites. PMF source apportionment, along with wind patterns, indicates that the observed pollutant plumes are the result of transport of industrial emissions under conditions of low boundary layer height. PMF indicates that industrial emissions contribute >50% of outdoor exposures of BC and BTEX species at the receptor sites. Dispersion modeling of BTEX emissions from known industrial sources predicts numerous overnight plumes and overall qualitative agreement with PMF analysis, but predicts industrial impacts at the measurement sites a factor of 10 lower than PMF. Nonetheless, exposures associated with pollutant plumes occur mostly at night, when residents are expected to be home but are perhaps unaware of the elevated exposure. Averaging data samples over long times typical of public health interventions (e.g., weekly or biweekly passive sampling) misapportions the exposure, reducing the impact of industrial plumes at the expense of traffic emissions, because the longer samples cannot resolve subdaily plumes. Suggestions are made for ways for future distributed pollutant mapping or intervention studies to incorporate high time resolution tools to better understand the potential impacts of industrial plumes.

Implications: Emissions from industrial or other stationary sources can dominate air toxics exposures in communities both near the source and in downwind areas in the form of multihour plume events. Common measurement strategies that use highly aggregated samples, such as weekly or biweekly averages, are insensitive to such plume events and can lead to significant under apportionment of exposures from these sources.     

溶解氧对SBR脱氮性能与脱氮方式的影响

通过设置不同溶解氧(DO)浓度(曝气时段DO浓度均值分别为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L),研究了SBR的脱氮性能以及脱氮方式。结果表明,低DO条件下SBR可实现良好的脱氮效果,但需延长曝气时间。运行稳定后,各反应器氨氮的去除率均达到94%以上。总氮去除率随DO水平的降低而增高,分别为67%、74%和78%。不同DO浓度下SBR的脱氮方式不尽相同,DO浓度越低,同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮效果越明显。DO为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L时,SND率分别为31.4%、48.3%和66.8%。典型周期性实验表明,DO为2.0 mg/L时,通过SND现象去除的总氮占进水总氮的比例为7.6%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为12.0%;DO为1.2 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为12.2%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为8.1%;DO为0.4 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为15.8%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为5.0%。     

碳基材料对污水厂尾水和太湖水体中CDOM的吸附特征

采用颗粒活性炭、粉末活性炭和碳纳米管3种典型碳基材料来吸附太湖水和污水厂尾水中的有机物,考察碳基材料对水中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸附特征。基于荧光光谱和平行因子分析(PARAFAC),提取出C1(腐殖酸类)、C2(色氨酸类蛋白)和C3(酪氨酸类蛋白)3个PARAFAC荧光组分。粉末活性炭和碳纳米管具有发达的中孔孔隙结构,对水中大分子有机物具有较高的吸附容量,颗粒活性炭微孔结构发达反而不利于吸附水中腐殖酸等大分子有机物。粉末活性炭对水中有机物具有最高的吸附速率,对太湖水中荧光组分C1、C2和C3的吸附速率分别为0.278、0.358和0.359min-1,颗粒活性炭的吸附速率明显低于粉末活性炭和碳纳米管。研究结果揭示了水中复杂混合有机物的吸附特征,为吸附工艺参数的优化提供技术参考。     

Effects of organic acids on the photosynthetic and antioxidant properties and accumulations of heavy metals of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melilotus officinalis</Emphasis> grown in Cu tailing

The effect of citric acid (CA), acetic acid (Ac), and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the photosynthetic and antioxidant properties and the accumulation of some heavy metals (HMs) of Melilotus officinalis seedling growing in Cu mine tailings for 25 days were studied. Results showed that the formation of photosynthesizing cells of M. officinalis was inhibited by EDTA at 2 mmol/kg. Photosynthetic pigment contents under EDTA of 2 mmol/kg were reduced by 26, 40, and 19 %, respectively, compared to the control. The proline contents in aboveground and underground parts increased as the level of EDTA was enhanced. CA and Ac enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in the aboveground parts and EDTA inhibited the activity of POD in the underground parts. The addition of CA promoted significantly the growth of M. officinalis, while the biomass decreased significantly under 2 mmol/kg EDTA. Cu contents in the aboveground parts treated with 0.5 and 2.0 mmol/kg EDTA reached 175.50 and 265.17 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Ac and EDTA treatments promoted Cd to translocate from root to aboveground parts. The result indicated that M. officinalis was a tolerant species of Cu tailing and can be used to remediate Cu contaminated environment, and rationally utilization of organic acids, especially EDTA, in the phytoremediation can improve the growth and metals accumulation of M. officinalis.     

Production disruption management for R/M integrated supply chain using system dynamics methodology

The impacts of production disruption in Remanufacturing/Manufacturing (R/M) integrated supply chain on the sales and the methods of production disruption management were studied. A system dynamics model for the R/M integrated supply chain with production disruption was improved by system dynamics methodology. The numerical examples were shown to illustrate the simulation results. The impacts of different recovery times of production disruption on the sales were presented. In order to mitigate the disruption risks and ensure the sales at the needed sales ratio, the methods for setting multi-echelon inventory levels before the occurring of the production disruption and the methods for making back-up plans after the production disruption occurs were given.