液相色谱稳定特征峰比值鉴别模拟渤海溢油

考察室外自然风化对原油液相色谱稳定特征峰分布的影响,提出基于溢油液相色谱稳定特征峰比值结合聚类分析和"t-检验"分析进行模拟溢油鉴别.结果表明,液相色谱稳定特征峰比值结合聚类分析可以初步推测模拟溢油样品来源,进一步采用特征峰比值和"t-检验"分析可以实现模拟溢油样与可疑原油样品的成功判别.     

Phytoremediation of Atrazine by Poplar Trees: Toxicity,Uptake, and Transformation

Toxicity, uptake, and transformation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] by three species of poplar tree were assessed. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed flasks with hydrophonic solutions and exposed to various concentrations of atrazine for a period of two weeks. Toxicity effects were evaluated by monitoring transpiration and measuring poplar cutting mass. Exposure to higher atrazine concentrations resulted in decrease of biomass and transpiration accompanied by leaf chlorosis and abscission. However, poplar cuttings exposed to lower concentrations of atrazine grew well and transpired at a constant rate during experiment periods. Poplar cuttings could take up, hydrolyze, and dealkylate atrazine to less toxic metabolites. Metabolism of atrazine occurred in roots, stems, and leaves and became more complete with increased residence time in tissue. These results suggest that phytoremediation is a viable approach to removing atrazine from contaminated water and should be considered for other contaminants.     

Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell

The removal capacity of toxic heavy metals by the reused eggshell was studied.As a pretreatment process for the preparation of reused material from waste eggshell,calcination was performed in the furnace at 800℃for 2 h after crushing the dried waste eggshell.Calcination behavior,qualitative and quantitative elemental information,mineral type and surface characteristics before and after calcination of eggshell were examined by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray fluorescence (XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),respectively.After calcination,the major inorganic composition was identified as Ca(lime, 99.63%)and K,P and Sr were identified as minor components.When calcined eggshell was applied in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing heavy metals,a complete removal of Cd as well as above 99% removal of Cr was observed after 10 min. Although the natural eggshell had some removal capacity of Cd and Cr,a complete removal was not accomplished even after 60 min due to quite slower removal rate.However,in contrast to Cd and Cr,an efficient removal of Pb was observed with the natural eggshell rather than the calcined eggshell.From the application of the calcined eggshell in the treatment of real electroplating wastewater, the calcined eggshell showed a promising removal capacity of heavy metal ions as well as had a good neutralization capacity in the treatment of strong acidic wastewater.     

Regenerable adsorbent for removing ammonia evolved from anaerobic reaction of animal urine

The waste gas evolved from biodegradation of animal urine contains ammonia causing environmental concerns. A new and effective method for removing ammonia from such waste gas using reactive adsorption is presented. In the process, activated carbon impregnated with H2SO4（H2SO4/C） is employed. Ammonia in the waste gas reacts with H2SO4 on the adsorbent instantaneously and completely to form （NIL）2SO4. The H2SO4/C adsorbent is high in NH3 adsorption capacity and regenerable. The NH3 removal capacity of this regenerable adsorbent is more than 30 times that of the adsorbents used normally in the industry. The spent H2SO4/C is regenerated by flowing low-pressure steam through the adsorbent bed to remove the （NH4）2SO4 from the adsorbent. The regeneration by-product is concentrated （NH4）2SO4 solution, which is a perfect liquid fertilizer for local use. Re-soaking the activated carbon with H2SO4 solution rejuvenates the activity of the adsorbent. Thus the H2SOJC can be reused repeatedly. In the mechanism of this reactive adsorption process, trace of H20 in the waste gas is a required, which lends itself to treating ammonia gas saturated with moisture from biodegradation of animal urine.     

元素-锶同位素技术在农产品原产地溯源中的应用

农产品质量安全及其产地溯源是当今世界共同关注的问题。国际上,将元素-同位素技术应用到农产品溯源领域正受到极大关注。通过研究农产品原产地土壤、岩石、降水及地表水等环境因子中元素-同位素组成与农产品之间的对应关系,可定位农产品原产地及其生长地域环境地球化学特征。目前,追溯农产品产地的技术方法存在同位素分馏效应,人为干扰因素...     

Deforestation and Avian Extinction on Tropical Landbridge Islands

Abstract: There are few empirical data, particularly collected simultaneously from multiple sites, on extinctions resulting from human‐driven land‐use change. Southeast Asia has the highest deforestation rate in the world, but the resulting losses of biological diversity remain poorly documented. Between November 2006 and March 2008, we conducted bird surveys on six landbridge islands in Malaysia and Indonesia. These islands were surveyed previously for birds in the early 1900s, when they were extensively forested. Our bird inventories of the islands were nearly complete, as indicated by sampling saturation curves and nonparametric true richness estimators. From zero (Pulau Malawali and Pulau Mantanani) to 15 (Pulau Bintan) diurnal resident landbird species were apparently extirpated since the early 1900s. Adding comparable but published extinction data from Singapore to our regression analyses, we found there were proportionally fewer forest bird extinctions in areas with greater remaining forest cover. Nevertheless, the statistical evidence to support this relationship was weak, owing to our unavoidably small sample size. Bird species that are restricted to the Indomalayan region, lay few eggs, are heavier, and occupy a narrower habitat breadth, were most vulnerable to extinction on Pulau Bintan. This was the only island where sufficient data existed to analyze the correlates of extinction. Forest preservation and restoration are needed on these islands to conserve the remaining forest avifauna. Our study of landbridge islands indicates that deforestation may increasingly threaten Southeast Asian biodiversity.     

Assessing Risk in Operational Decisions Using Great Lakes Probabilistic Water Level Forecasts

/ A method adapted from the National Weather Service's Extended Streamflow Prediction technique is applied retrospectively to three Great Lakes case studies to show how risk assessment using probabilistic monthly water level forecasts could have contributed to the decision-mak-ing process. The first case study examines the 1985 International Joint Commission (IJC) decision to store water in Lake Superior to reduce high levels on the downstream lakes. Probabilistic forecasts are generated for Lake Superior and Lakes Michigan-Huron and used with riparian inundation value functions to assess the relative impacts of the IJC's decision on riparian interests for both lakes. The second case study evaluates the risk of flooding at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the need to implement flood-control projects if Lake Michigan levels were to continue to rise above the October 1986 record. The third case study quantifies the risks of impaired municipal water works operation during the 1964-1965 period of extreme low water levels on Lakes Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario. Further refinements and other potential applications of the probabilistic forecast technique are discussed.KEY WORDS: Great Lakes; Water levels; Forecasting; Risk; Decision making     

轨道交通列车内空气质量研究现状与展望

城市轨道交通因其运量大、效率高、能耗低等诸多优点,成为城市公共交通的主要方式,其中主要以地铁为主。虽然通勤者在地铁内停留时间短,但因列车及乘客的活动,其内自然通风不足,空气质量差,影响出行人员身体健康。研究表明：颗粒物（PM）、挥发性有机物（VOCs）和细菌是主要的空气污染物。其中,轨道交通颗粒物主要来源于列车与轨道之间的磨损,且颗粒物中金属元素含量丰富,遗传毒性较强。VOCs主要来源于地铁装饰物的挥发,细菌与真菌等主要受客流量、通风、温度等因素影响。此外,文章综合叙述了暴露于PM以外的各种空气污染物的健康风险。最后,指出进一步优化列车运行条件、开发先进的空气净化装置,是未来轨道列车空气质量研究与控制的方向。     

广州市夏季室内外PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳的分布特征

2004年7～8月在广州市9个采样点的室内、室室外同步采集了PM2 5样品,采用热光反射碳分析仪分析得到OC、EC的质量浓度,对OC、EC污染水平、空间分布、室内室外质量浓度关系、0C/EC质量浓度关系及二次有机碳等特征进行了深入细致的分析研究.结果表明,OC室内、外平均质量浓度为17.3和19.9μg·m-3,EC室内、室外平均质量浓度为6.5和6.6μg·m-3,总碳气溶胶占PM25质量的50%以上;在不同类型采样点0C、EC质量浓度存在区别;室内环境中OC、EC质量浓度相关性显著,室外环境中0C、EC质量浓度相关性不显著;0C、EC质量浓度比ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)超过2;室内、室外PM2 5中二次有机碳质量浓度是7.6和10.0μg·m-3,占总有机碳的比率为43.8%、45.5%.