孕期低剂量镉暴露对不同性别胎鼠肝脏发育的影响及其分子调控机制的研究

为探究镉对胎儿肝脏发育的毒性作用.拟选用15只性成熟的8周龄的雌性C57BL/6小鼠,与雄鼠交配见栓后,于妊娠第7.5 d(Embryonic 7.5,E7.5)时,随机分为3组(每组5只),分别通过饮用水暴露法饲喂0、20和40 mg·L^-1的氯化镉溶液,并于E14.5 d时收集各组小鼠的胎儿肝脏等组织.通过Ki67和TUNEL染色方法探究镉对不同性别胎鼠肝脏的增殖功能和凋亡功能的影响,并通过PCR芯片筛查和实时定量PCR方法检测镉处理组的雌性和雄性胎鼠肝脏中与细胞增殖和凋亡功能相关基因的表达变化.此外,我们还将通过石墨炉火焰原子吸收技术对镉处理组的雌性和雄性胎鼠的镉含量进行检测.结果显示:孕期低剂量镉暴露对胎儿体重、胎肝重量和肝脏指数均无显著性影响.在本实验条件下,镉对胎鼠肝脏的凋亡功能无显著性影响,但对增殖功能具有抑制作用,且该抑制作用具有雌性依赖性的特征.镉特异性诱导雌性胎鼠肝脏中NF1等多个细胞增殖功能相关基因以及TGF-β1信号通路分子的表达失衡;但对雄性胎鼠肝脏中相关基因的表达水平无显著性影响.镉在雌性胎儿组织中的积累量显著高于雄性胎儿组织.综上所述,孕期低剂量镉暴露特异性抑制雌性胎儿肝脏的细胞增殖功能,并诱导雌性胎儿肝脏中NF1等多个增殖功能相关基因以及TGF-β1信号通路分子的表达失衡,该性别依赖性的抑制作用可能与镉在雌性胎儿中相对较高的积累量相关.     

南京城市交通甲烷排放特征

城市交通是CH_4等温室气体的重要排放源,而CH_4排放的观测研究是定量分析城市碳排放的基础.本项研究考虑城市交通的周变化和日变化特点,于2014年10月17日、18日、20日、23日每日5个时段在南京市主城区三条交通主干道上和2015年9月11日的早晚时段在南京长江隧道内,观测大气CH_4和CO_2浓度,分析交通CH_4排放特征及其影响因素.结果表明:1南京城区交通主干道的CH_4平均浓度均大于背景大气CH_4浓度.受交通车流量的影响,ΔCH_4浓度的空间差异显著.ΔCH_4浓度的日变化呈现倒"W"型,在交通早晚高峰时出现峰值.2由于隧道内"活塞风"的作用,长江隧道内的CH_4浓度从入口到出口逐渐增大,出入口浓度差在0.21×10-6~0.38×10-6(摩尔分数,下同)之间.3大气CH_4浓度与CO_2浓度之间线性相关.交通主干道上的ΔCH_4∶ΔCO_2值平均为0.009 1;隧道内的ΔCH_4∶ΔCO_2值仅为0.000 47~0.001 4.4影响南京城区道路大气ΔCH_4浓度和ΔCH_4∶ΔCO_2值的主要因素分别是车流量和天然气车占车流量的比例.     

广州市夏季室内外PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳的分布特征

2004年7～8月在广州市9个采样点的室内、室室外同步采集了PM2 5样品,采用热光反射碳分析仪分析得到OC、EC的质量浓度,对OC、EC污染水平、空间分布、室内室外质量浓度关系、0C/EC质量浓度关系及二次有机碳等特征进行了深入细致的分析研究.结果表明,OC室内、外平均质量浓度为17.3和19.9μg·m-3,EC室内、室外平均质量浓度为6.5和6.6μg·m-3,总碳气溶胶占PM25质量的50%以上;在不同类型采样点0C、EC质量浓度存在区别;室内环境中OC、EC质量浓度相关性显著,室外环境中0C、EC质量浓度相关性不显著;0C、EC质量浓度比ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)超过2;室内、室外PM2 5中二次有机碳质量浓度是7.6和10.0μg·m-3,占总有机碳的比率为43.8%、45.5%.     

Effects of Urbanization on the Distribution and Abundance of Amphibians and Invasive Species in Southern California Streams

Abstract:  Urbanization negatively affects natural ecosystems in many ways, and aquatic systems in particular. Urbanization is also cited as one of the potential contributors to recent dramatic declines in amphibian populations. From 2000 to 2002 we determined the distribution and abundance of native amphibians and exotic predators and characterized stream habitat and invertebrate communities in 35 streams in an urbanized landscape north of Los Angeles (U.S.A.). We measured watershed development as the percentage of area within each watershed occupied by urban land uses. Streams in more developed watersheds often had exotic crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) and fish, and had fewer native species such as California newts ( Taricha torosa ) and California treefrogs ( Hyla cadaverina ). These effects seemed particularly evident above 8% development, a result coincident with other urban stream studies that show negative impacts beginning at 10–15% urbanization. For Pacific treefrogs ( H. regilla ), the most widespread native amphibian, abundance was lower in the presence of exotic crayfish, although direct urbanization effects were not found. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were also less diverse in urban streams, especially for sensitive species. Faunal community changes in urban streams may be related to changes in physical stream habitat, such as fewer pool and more run habitats and increased water depth and flow, leading to more permanent streams. Variation in stream permanence was particularly evident in 2002, a dry year when many natural streams were dry but urban streams were relatively unchanged. Urbanization has significantly altered stream habitat in this region and may enhance invasion by exotic species and negatively affect diversity and abundance of native amphibians.     

Cultural Erosion and Biodiversity: Canoe-Making Knowledge in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Abstract:  Erosion of traditional knowledge and practice is a serious and accelerating problem, but quantitative work on traditional knowledge loss and its importance to biodiversity conservation is lacking. We investigated traditional knowledge of canoe making, a skill heavily dependent on plant biodiversity, on Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, through a survey of 180 island residents. Our results showed that there has been an intergenerational erosion of canoe-making skills. Given current trends, the present generation of Pohnpeians may be the last to retain any knowledge of this traditional craft. We also identified several correlates of knowledge loss—including Western educational level and occupation—that highlight potential avenues for skill conservation via governments, traditional leadership, and schools. These institutions could intervene to emphasize traditional knowledge, which would reinforce institutional contexts in which traditional knowledge and practice is valued. The heightened awareness of the value of biodiversity that is linked to traditional knowledge is key to biological conservation on Pohnpei and can help support local conservation programs.     

Deforestation and Avian Extinction on Tropical Landbridge Islands

Abstract: There are few empirical data, particularly collected simultaneously from multiple sites, on extinctions resulting from human‐driven land‐use change. Southeast Asia has the highest deforestation rate in the world, but the resulting losses of biological diversity remain poorly documented. Between November 2006 and March 2008, we conducted bird surveys on six landbridge islands in Malaysia and Indonesia. These islands were surveyed previously for birds in the early 1900s, when they were extensively forested. Our bird inventories of the islands were nearly complete, as indicated by sampling saturation curves and nonparametric true richness estimators. From zero (Pulau Malawali and Pulau Mantanani) to 15 (Pulau Bintan) diurnal resident landbird species were apparently extirpated since the early 1900s. Adding comparable but published extinction data from Singapore to our regression analyses, we found there were proportionally fewer forest bird extinctions in areas with greater remaining forest cover. Nevertheless, the statistical evidence to support this relationship was weak, owing to our unavoidably small sample size. Bird species that are restricted to the Indomalayan region, lay few eggs, are heavier, and occupy a narrower habitat breadth, were most vulnerable to extinction on Pulau Bintan. This was the only island where sufficient data existed to analyze the correlates of extinction. Forest preservation and restoration are needed on these islands to conserve the remaining forest avifauna. Our study of landbridge islands indicates that deforestation may increasingly threaten Southeast Asian biodiversity.     

Phytoremediation of Atrazine by Poplar Trees: Toxicity,Uptake, and Transformation

Toxicity, uptake, and transformation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] by three species of poplar tree were assessed. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed flasks with hydrophonic solutions and exposed to various concentrations of atrazine for a period of two weeks. Toxicity effects were evaluated by monitoring transpiration and measuring poplar cutting mass. Exposure to higher atrazine concentrations resulted in decrease of biomass and transpiration accompanied by leaf chlorosis and abscission. However, poplar cuttings exposed to lower concentrations of atrazine grew well and transpired at a constant rate during experiment periods. Poplar cuttings could take up, hydrolyze, and dealkylate atrazine to less toxic metabolites. Metabolism of atrazine occurred in roots, stems, and leaves and became more complete with increased residence time in tissue. These results suggest that phytoremediation is a viable approach to removing atrazine from contaminated water and should be considered for other contaminants.     

Regenerable adsorbent for removing ammonia evolved from anaerobic reaction of animal urine

The waste gas evolved from biodegradation of animal urine contains ammonia causing environmental concerns. A new and effective method for removing ammonia from such waste gas using reactive adsorption is presented. In the process, activated carbon impregnated with H2SO4（H2SO4/C） is employed. Ammonia in the waste gas reacts with H2SO4 on the adsorbent instantaneously and completely to form （NIL）2SO4. The H2SO4/C adsorbent is high in NH3 adsorption capacity and regenerable. The NH3 removal capacity of this regenerable adsorbent is more than 30 times that of the adsorbents used normally in the industry. The spent H2SO4/C is regenerated by flowing low-pressure steam through the adsorbent bed to remove the （NH4）2SO4 from the adsorbent. The regeneration by-product is concentrated （NH4）2SO4 solution, which is a perfect liquid fertilizer for local use. Re-soaking the activated carbon with H2SO4 solution rejuvenates the activity of the adsorbent. Thus the H2SOJC can be reused repeatedly. In the mechanism of this reactive adsorption process, trace of H20 in the waste gas is a required, which lends itself to treating ammonia gas saturated with moisture from biodegradation of animal urine.     

珠海空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的时空变化特征

选取2000年6月-2001年5月珠海空气中PM10的观测数据,分析其在3个监测点(香洲、前山和吉大)的时空演变特征.结果表明,珠海PM10的年均质量浓度为40 μg/m\+3(校正后为52 μg/m\+3),低于国家PM10的二级质量标准,与国内外其他城市相比,珠海PM10相对较低,表明珠海的大气颗粒物污染轻微.2001年4月14,15日珠海PM10日均值显著增高,达到92,127 μg/m\+3,对比香港及北方粉尘源区的颗粒物浓度及气团轨迹分析结果可知,珠海也受到了北方沙尘暴的影响.3个站点的PM10月均质量浓度变化主要表现为夏、秋季低,冬、春季高.珠海市大气PM10的日变化形式以白天高、夜晚低为主.