煤气污水成份分析研究

本文对煤气污水的COD构成进行分析研究，测定煤气污水中无机组分和有机组分的含量，确定了各组分及悬浮物的COD当量，结果表明煤气污水（OD主要由污水中的无机组分、有机组分、悬浮物提供。进水中无机组分10．90％，有机组分66．65％，悬浮物8．49％，总和86．04％；出水中无机组分3．74％，有机组分27．06％，悬浮物39．34％，总和70．14％。     

Miss-and-run: Factors contributing to two-vehicle phantom vehicle crashes in Florida

Objective: Phantom vehicle crashes (PVCs), or miss-and-run crashes, are a topical issue in car insurance coverage because of controversies over testimony and compensation. However, no peer-reviewed literature has examined the perceptions and deliberations involved in this infrequent type of car crash. A novel taxonomy of roadway traffic crashes is proposed in this study on the basis of whether physical collisions did occur (hit or miss) and whether the perpetrators stayed at the crash scene (stay or run). In this way, this study poses the issue of PVCs within the scope of traffic safety research and aims to investigate the statistically significant factors that are likely to induce PVCs.

Methods: A binary logistic regression method was adopted to model the probability and occurrence of 2-vehicle PVCs (TV-PVCs) in Florida. Data derived from the Crash Analysis Reporting system in 2012–2014 consisted of 45,319 2-vehicle crashes, of which 1,376 (3.04%) were confirmed as positive TV-PVCs. Sixteen factors with 50 variables on crash information, roadway characteristics, and environmental conditions were included in the original consideration of the TV-PVC model.

Results: The results indicated that a 2-vehicle crash is more likely to be a PVC when the crash happens on weekends, on roadways with no traffic control or speed control, full access control; on curving and sloping roadways; on roadways of National Highway System; and in low-density and other areas. A TV-PVC is less likely to occur on dry roads, in daylight, or at intersections or driveways. Moreover, alcohol involvement in a 2-vehicle crash is associated with hit-and-stay crashes than PVCs, and uninsured motorists are more likely to be the victims of PVCs because they tend to avoid physical collisions due to the potential self-paid loss.

Conclusions: Several conclusions for better understanding the occurrence of PVCs are proposed for traffic management departments and car insurers. Cautious driving behavior including concentrated attention and deliberate lane changes should be encouraged for motorists to engage in appropriate levels of driving freedom, and drunk driving should be strictly supervised to keep motorists behind the wheel conscious. Car insurance is encouraged to compensate for economic loss resulting from roadway crashes. Road monitoring systems with well-performing illumination devices are recommended to help drivers provide potent testimony for compensation claims.     

安全社区中居民安全感测量方法研究

为完善现有安全社区评审工具,使之更具可操作性,对安全社区中居民安全感测量方法进行研究。通过选取安全社区评审中的"居民安全满意度"指标,界定居民安全感概念,运用查阅文献、专家访谈、头脑风暴、问卷调查、数据包络分析、方差分析、贡献率分析、区组因子分析、公式编写等方法与手段,建立以调查问卷及运算规则为基础的居民安全感指数评价模型。通过对安全社区建设不同阶段的3类社区样本均值及样本标准差的假设检验分析,验证以居民安全感程度为考察对象的安全社区评审工具在安全社区评定中的适用性。     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被土壤N2O排放特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O的排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被区土壤在夏季 2个月内N2 O的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴天和雨天 ,苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量与温度有较好的响应关系 ,呈现单峰型变化趋势 ;但在雪天 ,与温度的变化不一致 ;苔藓、地衣这 2种不同的植被土壤N2 O排放通量日变化基本一致 ;温度是影响苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量季节变化的主要因子 ,同时还受降水的影响 ,干湿交替有利于N2 O的排放 ;苔藓土壤N2 O的排放总量为 3 .71 52kg ;地衣土壤N2 O的排放总量为 2 .53 4 4kg .由此可见 ,南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O排放量虽然很小 ,但仍起着大气N2 O源的作用     

哈尔滨市一次大气污染过程及潜在源分析

本研究以2018年12月10~13日哈尔滨市一次严重的空气污染事件为研究对象,分析了此次污染过程的概况、成因以及污染的潜在源区.结果表明：此次空气污染过程以PM_2.5影响为主,污染类型由10日00：00~11日17：00的偏燃煤型发展为11日17：00~13日15：00的二次气溶胶复合污染,最终在13日15：00后稳定为偏燃煤型.从天气形势和风速风向分析可知此次10~13日的污染过程与不利气象扩散条件也是密不可分的.模拟的48h后向轨迹经过聚类分析主要分为4类,大部分来自内蒙古、吉林等方向,70.83%的轨迹PM_2.5超标,表明来自这些方向的污染气团对哈尔滨市的空气质量影响较大;而通过对模拟的48h后向轨迹进行PSCF、CWT分析,发现哈尔滨的WPSCF和WCWT分布特征类似,WPSCF和WCWT的高值主要集中在哈尔滨本地的双城、巴彦、阿城、吉林省的中部、西部地区等地区,以及大庆、绥化等地区,说明这些区域都是哈尔滨市PM_2.5的潜在源地.     

高度城镇化地区城市小区降雨径流污染特征及负荷估算

太湖平原是我国城市化快速发展的地区,同时也是水环境问题最突出的地区之一.虽然该区域在国家大力治理下点源污染基本得到控制,但是城市降雨径流污染仍是当前关注的热点问题.为此本文选择了不同类型城市小区开展降雨时径流污染物浓度变化对比实验观测,根据采集的多个降雨场次径流污染数据,采用多种方法计算和分析该地区不同类型小区降雨径流特征并估算污染负荷.结果表明,太湖平原地区城市居民小区的降雨径流会污染河道水质;不同类型城市小区都具有一定初期冲刷效应,商业住宅小区污染较商住私房混合小区轻,但是初期冲刷效应更加明显;太湖流域平原地区商住私房混合小区和商住餐饮小区最佳初期流量截留占比为30%,商业住宅小区则为25%.太湖流域平原地区在全国不同的城市小区中整体污染负荷较高,尤其体现在氮磷污染.该研究对高度城市化地区城市小区降雨径流污染治理有重要参考价值.     

云南省农业源污染现状、危害及防治策略

云南省农业源排放污染物占全省污染总负荷的1／5～2／3,其中种植业污染源贡献最大,其次是畜禽养殖业污染源,水产养殖业污染源贡献最小;农业源污染已对云南省农业生产、社会稳定和生态安全等产生一定影响。最后从宣传教育、生产方式变革、废弃物利用、环境监管等四个方面提出农业源污染防治对策。     

基于模糊概率的区域泥石流危险性评价

在最新泥石流危险度区划研究的基础上,将模糊概率模型应用于区域泥石流灾害的危险评价中。在此模型中,评价指标因子包括主要因子泥石流分布密度,次要因子岩石风化程度系数、断裂带密度、≥25°坡地面积百分比、洪灾发生频率、月降雨量变差系数、年平均≥25mm大雨日数以及≥25°坡耕地面积百分比;同时将泥石流危险划分为极低危险、低度危险、中度危险、高度危险和极高危险5个等级。模糊概率模型不仅继承了经典模糊综合评判法的思想和优点,同时也克服了其在实际应用中评价指标因子权重取值的局限性,因而具有明显的合理性。对四川省凉山州区域泥石流灾害的危险评价分析,表明本方法能较真实地反映区域泥石流灾害的危险等级,可为减灾防灾决策提供科学依据。     

土壤及其主要化学组分对五氯酚吸附特征研究

研究了土壤原样及其去锰氧化物、去铁氧化物、去有机质和去水溶性有机质(DOM)土壤样品对五氯酚(PCP)的吸附规律,分析了土壤及其主要化学组分对PCP的吸附机制.实验结果表明,Langmuir方程可较好地描述PCP在各土壤样品上的热力学吸附过程.PCP在土壤上的吸附行为与自身性质和土壤理化性质密切相关,有机质和铁氧化物对PCP的吸附起到促进作用,而锰氧化物和DOM则能在一定程度上抑制PCP的吸附.通过Langmuir方程得到的拟合结果,可判断PCP在各土壤样品上的最大吸附量为去锰氧化物土壤样品＞去铁氧化物土壤样品＞去DOM土壤样品＞土壤原样＞去有机质土壤样品.     

Research on low carbon management using a scientific classification method

This research is aimed at the rapid development of a low-carbon economy, in which we propose the classification and application of relevant management measures to affect the development of environmental management ideas and measures of the low-carbon economy, which we called as low carbon management measures. According to scientific analysis of the lowcarbon economy, we can divide low-carbon management measures into three parts: measures for reduction of carbon sources, carbon flow planning, and increase of carbon sinks. Furthermore, we list the advantages that China can utilize to develop its own low-carbon management measures. In the end, necessary adjustments to environmental management measures in China can be made according to this scientific classification.