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191.
The available data on climate change over the past century indicate that the Earth is warming. Important biological events,
including changes in plant phenology, have been reported in many parts of the world. We have explored some of these phenological
changes in more than 650 temperate species, which have indicated the average advancement of 1.9 days per decade in spring
events and average delay of 1.4 days per decade in autumnal events. Thus the average length of the growing season has extended
by 3.3 days per decade. 相似文献
192.
Aquatic insect diversity in the Chandrabhaga, an important headwater stream of Garhwal Himalayas, was surveyed for a period
of twelve months (October 1999 to September 2000). All the important physico-chemical environmental variables (temperature,
water velocity, hydromedian depth, transparency, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, free
CO2, nitrates, phosphates, sodium and potassium) of the aquatic ecosystem were measured monthly for one year. Aquatic insects
were sampled from three sites (S1, S2 & S3) of the headwater stream Chandrabhaga. Aquatic insects of Chandrabhaga were represented by the members of the orders of Ephemeroptera,
Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera and Odonata. The maximum density of aquatic insects was recorded in the month
of March (4,165 ind. m−2) and minimum in the month of August (680 ind. m−2). The annual contribution of Trichoptera (38%) and Ephemeroptera (32%) was observed to be maximum, while Odonata contributed
minimum (2%) to the total aquatic insect density. The present study on the relationship between physico-chemical environmental
variables and the density of aquatic insects revealed that the velocity of water, hydromedian depth, turbidity and dissolved
oxygen in addition to composition and texture of the bottom substrates have significant impact on benthic aquatic insects’
density and their diversity. The ecological relevance of the measured hydrological attributes was investigated by composing
their degree of correlation with insects density and diversity. The diversity index (Shannon–Weiner) of aquatic insects dwelling
in the Chandrabhaga river ranged from 2.54 to 3.86. Some of the natural and anthropogenic environmental factors contributing
towards the degradation of the watershed of the Chandrabhaga have been identified, and ameliorative measures for the conservation
of the aquatic insect diversity have been suggested. 相似文献
193.
Winkelmann K Sharma VK Lin Y Shreve KA Winkelmann C Hoisington LJ Yngard RA 《Chemosphere》2008,72(11):1694-1699
The aqueous photocatalytic degradation of cyanate (NCO(-)), which is a long-lived neurotoxin formed during the remediation of cyanide in industrial waste streams, was studied in the ferrate(VI)-UV-TiO2-NCO(-) system. Kinetics measurements of the photocatalytic reduction of ferrate(VI) were carried out as a function of [NCO(-)], [ferrate(VI)], [O(2)], light intensity (I(o)), and amount of TiO2 in suspensions at pH 9.0. The photocatalytic reduction rate of ferrate(VI) in the studied system can be expressed as -d[Fe(VI)]/dt=kI(o)(0.5) [NCO(-)] [TiO2]. The rate of photocatalytic oxidation of cyanate with ferrate(VI) was greater than the rate in the analogous system without ferrate(VI). The possibility of involvement of reactive ferrate(V) species for this enhancement was determined by studying the reactivity of ferrate(V) with NCO(-) in a homogeneous solution using a premix pulse radiolysis technique. The rate constant for the reaction of ferrate(V) and NCO(-) in alkaline medium was estimated to be (9.60+/-0.07) x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1), which is much slower than the ferrate(VI) self-decomposition reaction (k approximately 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)). An analysis of the kinetic data in the Fe(VI)-UV-TiO2-NCO(-) system suggests that ferrate(V) is not directly participating in the oxidation of cyanate. Possible reactions in the system are presented to explain results of ferrate(VI) reduction and oxidation of cyanate. 相似文献
194.
Sharma VK 《Chemosphere》2008,73(9):1379-1386
Several pharmaceuticals have been detected globally in surface water and drinking water, which indicate their insufficient removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment methods. This paper reviews the kinetics of oxidative transformations of pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, lipid regulators, antipyretics, anticonvulsants, and beta-blockers) by Cl(2), ClO(2), O(3), and ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O(4)(2-),Fe(VI)) under treatment conditions. In the chlorination of sulfonamide antibiotics, HOCl is the major reactive Cl(2) species whereas in the oxidation by Fe(VI), HFeO(4)(-) is the dominant reactive species. Both oxidation processes can oxidize sulfonamides in seconds at a neutral pH (t(1/2)≤ 220 s; 1 mg L(-1) HOCl or K(2)FeO(4)). The reactivity of O(3) with pharmaceuticals is generally higher than that of HOCl (k(app,pH 7) (O(3))=1-10(7)M(-1)s(-1); k(app,pH 7) (HOCl)=10(-2)-10(5)M(-1)s(-1)). Ozone selectively oxidizes pharmaceuticals and reacts mainly with activated aromatic systems and non-protonated amines. Oxidative transformation of most pharmaceuticals by O(3) occurs in seconds (t(1/2)≤ 100 s; 1 mg L(-1) O(3)) while half-lives for oxidations by HOCl differ by at least two orders of magnitude. Ozone appears to be efficient in oxidizing pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. The limited work on Fe(VI) shows that it can also potentially transform pharmaceuticals in treatment processes. 相似文献
195.
Kotzerke A Sharma S Schauss K Heuer H Thiele-Bruhn S Smalla K Wilke BM Schloter M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(2):315-322
Most veterinary drugs enter the environment via manure application. However, it is unclear how these substances interact with soil biota. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the effects of manure containing different concentrations of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) on the soil microbial communities. It was shown that manure alone has a stimulating effect on microbial activity. Only potential nitrification was negatively influenced by manure application. The addition of SDZ to the manure reduced microbial activity. Depending on the SDZ concentration, levels of activity were in the range of the control soil without manure application. Also, selected processes in nitrogen turnover were negatively influenced by the addition of SDZ to the manure, with nitrification being the only exception. The effects were visible for up to 4 days after application of the manure with or without SDZ and were correlated with the bioavailability of the antibiotic. 相似文献
196.
Phytoextraction of excess soil phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the search for a suitable plant to be used in P phytoremediation, several species belonging to legume, vegetable and herb crops were grown in P-enriched soils, and screened for P accumulation potentials. A large variation in P concentrations of different plant species was observed. Some vegetable species such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo) were identified as potential P accumulators with >1% (dry weight) P in their shoots. These plants also displayed a satisfactory biomass accumulation while growing on a high concentration of soil P. The elevated activities of phosphomonoesterase and phytase were observed when plants were grown in P-enriched soils, this possibly contributing to high P acquisition in these species. Sunflower plants also demonstrated an increased shoot P accumulation. This study shows that the phytoextraction of phosphorus can be effective using appropriate plant species. 相似文献
197.
Organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues in ground water and surface waters of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A survey undertaken in Kanpur, northern India, has shown the presence of high concentrations of both organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides in the surface and ground water samples. Liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC-ECD was used for the determination of these compounds. Among the various pesticides analyzed, high concentrations of gamma-HCH (0.259 microg/l) and malathion (2.618 microg/l) were detected in the surface water samples collected from the River Ganges in Kanpur. In the ground water samples collected from the various hand pumps located in agricultural and industrial areas, apart from gamma-HCH and malathion, dieldrin was also detected. The maximum concentration values of gamma-HCH, malathion and dieldrin were 0.900, 29.835 and 16.227 microg/l, respectively. Especially, the concentration of malathion was found to be much higher than the EC water quality standards in the ground water samples from industrial area posing a high risk to the common people. Pesticides like DDE, DDT, aldrin, ethion, methyl parathion and endosulfan were not detected in both the surface and ground water samples. 相似文献
198.
Groundwater quality assessment in different land-use areas of Faridabad and Rohtak cities of Haryana using deviation index 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaushik A Kumar K Sharma IS Sharma HR 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2004,25(2):173-180
Physico-chemical parameters were analysed to evaluate the groundwater quality of the two important cities of Haryana, Faridabad and Rohtak, and the pollution status of groundwater was compared using deviation index (DI). Groundwater of both the cities had high alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity. The groundwater of Faridabad showed low fluoride concentration whereas in 74% of groundwater samples of Rohtak the fluoride levels were high. Land use and waste disposal practices were found to have an important effect on groundwater pollution. 相似文献
199.
Yueh FY Sharma RC Singh JP Zhang H Spencer WA 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2002,52(11):1307-1315
The analytical figure of merit of the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been evaluated for detection of trace element in liquid. LIBS data of Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re were studied. Various optical geometries, which produce the laser spark in and at the liquid sample, were tested. The calibration curves for Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re were obtained at the optimized experimental conditions with bulk liquid and in liquid jet. It was found that measurements using a liquid jet provide better detection limits than bulk liquid measurements. The limits of detection (LOD) of Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re in the present liquid jet measurement are found to be 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 8 ppm, respectively. The LOD of Mg using Mg 279.55 nm was compared with the values found in other liquid work. 相似文献
200.
Khunyakari RP Tare V Sharma RN 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2001,22(2):141-144
Three trace heavy metals viz., nickel, copper and zinc were studied for their toxic action against Poecilia retriculata (Peters). Among these, copper was found to be most active followed by zinc and nickel. Accumulations of these metals as well as behavioural studies were carried out after exposing fish to sub-lethal concentration of LC20. It was found that the highest quantity of nickel was accumulated in the fish body followed by zinc and copper. After exposure to sub-lethal concentration of metals some behavioural changes in fish were observed due to stress, such as mucus like secretion over gills, excessive excretion, anoretic condition and increased distance between gills and operculum. In all the cases fin movement was observed. Role and use of such changes as biological indicators or as biological early warning system in water quality assessment has been discussed. 相似文献