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Land use change and carbon exchange in the tropics: I. Detailed estimates for Costa Rica,Panama, Peru,and Bolivia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Charles A. S. Hall R. P. Detwiler Philip Bogdonoff Sheila Underhill 《Environmental management》1985,9(4):313-333
Our group, composed of modelers working in conjunction with tropical ecologists, 3 has produced a simulation model that quantifies the net carbon exchange between tropical vegetation and the atmosphere due to land use change. The model calculates this net exchange by combining estimates of land use change with several estimates of the carbon stored in tropical vegetation and general assumptions about the fate of cleared vegetation. In this report, we use estimates of land use and carbon storage organized into sixlife zone (sensu Holdridge) categories to calculate the exchange between the atmosphere and the vegetation of four tropical countries. Our analyses of these countries indicate that this life zone approach has several advantages because (a) the carbon content of vegetation varies significantly among life zones, (b) much of the land use change occurs in life zones of only moderate carbon storage, and (c) the fate of cleared vegetation varies among life zones. Our analyses also emphasize the importance of distinguishing between temporary and permanent land use change, as the recovery of vegetation on abandoned areas decreases the net release of carbon due to clearing. We include sensitivity analysis of those factors that we found to be important but are difficult to quantify at present. 相似文献
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The South Florida subpopulation of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta L.) nests with great fidelity on either the southeast or the southwest coast of Florida, USA. The hatchlings that emerge from those nests must swim in opposite directions and search for different surface currents to migrate away from continental shelf waters. In this laboratory study, we compared the pattern of swimming activity shown by the hatchlings from each coast over the first 6 days of migration. Turtles from both coasts were equally active during their “frenzy” period (the first 24 h of swimming) and during the daylight hours of the 5 days that followed (the “postfrenzy” period). However, the west coast turtles were significantly more active than the east coast turtles during the nocturnal portion of the postfrenzy period. This difference may be related to the greater distance southwest coast turtles must negotiate to locate surface currents for transport out of the Gulf of Mexico and into the Atlantic Ocean basin. These differing behavioral strategies may be genetically determined, as similar correspondence between activity and distance is well known among migratory populations of birds and fish and is often based upon inherited programs of endogenously driven activity. Alternatively, behavioral differences between the two nesting groups could be a manifestation of phenotypic plasticity that arises as the hatchlings respond to unique environmental cues on each coast. 相似文献
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Health care system hazard vulnerability analysis: an assessment of all public hospitals in Abu Dhabi
Saleh Fares Meg Femino Assaad Sayah Debra L. Weiner Eugene Sun Yim Sheila Douthwright Michael Sean Molloy Furqan B. Irfan Mohamed Ali Karkoukli Robert Lipton Jonathan L. Burstein Mariam Al Mazrouei Gregory Ciottone 《Disasters》2014,38(2):420-433
Hazard vulnerability analysis (HVA) is used to risk‐stratify potential threats, measure the probability of those threats, and guide disaster preparedness. The primary objective of this project was to analyse the level of disaster preparedness in public hospitals in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, utilising the HVA tool in collaboration with the Disaster Medicine Section at Harvard Medical School. The secondary objective was to review each facility's disaster plan and make recommendations based on the HVA findings. Based on the review, this article makes eight observations, including on the need for more accurate data; better hazard assessment capabilities; enhanced decontamination capacities; and the development of hospital‐specific emergency management programmes, a hospital incident command system, and a centralised, dedicated regional disaster coordination centre. With this project, HVAs were conducted successfully for the first time in health care facilities in Abu Dhabi. This study thus serves as another successful example of multidisciplinary emergency preparedness processes. 相似文献
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Burger J Greenberg M Gochfeld M Shukla S Lowrie K Keren R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):413-425
Considerable research indicates that a wide range of socio-economic factors influence attitudes and perceptions about environmental
hazards and risks, and that social trust in those who manage a hazard is strongly correlated to judgements about risks and
benefits. We suggest that there are three steps that lead to environmental risk perceptions: acquisition of information, interpretation
and synthesis of different pieces of information, and understanding of that information in light of previous knowledge, perceptions,
or attitudes. In this study we presented 211 college students in the sciences and non-sciences with ecological and exposure
information using text, tables and maps to examine the factors that affect information acquisition and interpretation concerning
ecological issues at a fictitious hazardous waste site. Students were allowed about an hour to read the materials and answer
questions. The percent of students answering each question correctly varied from 4 to 82%, indicating that some questions
were extremely difficult to answer. We attributed these differences to variations in the number of places information was
presented (in text, tables, maps, or a combination) and the complexity of the information (how many pieces of information
were required to answer the question correctly). The correlation between the number of students answering each question correctly
and these combined measures (frequency, complexity) was −0.72. Thus, although there were differences in accuracy concerning
ecological information as presented in this study, the major differences were accounted for by how the information was presented,
and how much information was required. This suggests that risk communicators should carefully determine which ecological information
is critical for the target audience, and ensure that it is presented several times (in different forms). That a lower percentage
of people correctly answered questions that required synthesizing several pieces of information suggests that this complexity
should be reduced where possible, or that the pieces of information should be tied clearly to the conclusion. Self-declaration
of effort and perceptions of safety of the site did not markedly influence the relationship between accuracy, difficulty of
finding information, and complexity of information. Other possible confounding variables (i.e., science vs non-science major)
only accounted for about 27% of the variation in student’s overall score on ecological questions; age, ethnicity, and gender
did not enter as significant variables. We cannot manage environmental hazards with appropriate stakeholder input unless we
understand how to present environmental information to achieve a full understanding. Protection of human health and the environment
requires that people understand ecological and exposure information, particularly on buffer lands. 相似文献
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Joseph E. Flotemersch Sheila North Karen A. Blocksom 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(2):949-959
Benthic macroinvertebrates are sampled in streams and rivers as one of the assessment elements of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Rivers and Streams Assessment. In a 2006 report, the recommendation was made that different yet comparable methods be evaluated for different types of streams (e.g., low gradient vs. high gradient). Consequently, a research element was added to the 2008–2009 National Rivers and Streams Assessment to conduct a side-by-side comparison of the standard macroinvertebrate sampling method with an alternate method specifically designed for low-gradient wadeable streams and rivers that focused more on stream edge habitat. Samples were collected using each method at 525 sites in five of nine aggregate ecoregions located in the conterminous USA. Methods were compared using the benthic macroinvertebrate multimetric index developed for the 2006 Wadeable Streams Assessment. Statistical analysis did not reveal any trends that would suggest the overall assessment of low-gradient streams on a regional or national scale would change if the alternate method was used rather than the standard sampling method, regardless of the gradient cutoff used to define low-gradient streams. Based on these results, the National Rivers and Streams Survey should continue to use the standard field method for sampling all streams. 相似文献