Biomarkers as tools to assess the chronic toxicity of ammonia in the juvenile Mugil cephalus

With juvenile fish as the subject, the effects of low concentration ammonia on antioxidant system were studied using Mugil cephalus. Samples of gill and liver tissue were obtained from 0.35, 0.70, 1.5 and 3?mg/L ammonia groups at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure, at which times the biomarkers were measured. Results showed that gill malondialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited an initial significant increase (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 0.70, 1.5 and 3.0?mg/L on day 5, followed by subsequent declines, while liver MDA levels exhibited significant increases (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 1.5?mg/L starting on day 10 and at 3.0?mg/L starting on day 5. With exposure to ammonia at different concentrations, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in liver and gill decreased over time. The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity was negatively related to ammonia concentration from 0.70 to 3.0?mg/L. Overall, our results show that MDA and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, evaluated here as potential biomarkers of ammonia exposure, exhibited responses to sublethal concentrations of ammonia that were concentration dependent.     

苏州市一次PM_(2.5)污染过程分析及其来源解析

利用TEOM1405F型PM_(2.5)测量仪、MARGA水溶性离子在线分析仪和激光雷达对苏州市2016年8月24日—9月6日PM_(2.5)、水溶性离子和气溶胶垂直分布进行了观测,结合气象数据分析了水溶性离子的变化规律及其主要来源。结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)平均值为43.4μg/m3,与2014和2015年同期相比下降了42.9%和40.3%。总水溶性无机离子平均值为24.18μg/m~3,约占ρ(PM_(2.5))55.7%,其中ρ(SO_4~(2-))、ρ(NH_4~+)和ρ(NO_3~-)分别占ρ(总离子)的46.0%、25.8%、21.0%。夜间边界层降低,大气垂直扩散条件较差,是造成ρ(PM_(2.5))及ρ(水溶性离子)显著升高的主要原因。ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))为0.056~1.939,平均值为0.432,表明固定源(燃煤源)仍然是PM_(2.5)的主要来源;PCA方法表明苏州水溶性离子的主要来源于二次污染和燃烧源、海盐和土壤源以及地面扬尘、建筑尘。     

典型纳米材料的土壤微生物效应研究进展

纳米材料的大量生产和广泛应用使其不可避免地进入环境中,而土壤是人工纳米材料释放到环境的主要的汇。土壤中的微生物群落能敏感地反映土壤环境质量的变化,其对物质循环与能量转换具有极重要的生态学意义,然而纳米材料因其独特的物理化学特性,对土壤微生物群落及其功能的影响尚不明确。在参考纳米材料对微生物影响相关研究的基础上,总结了土壤中纳米材料的主要类型及来源,综述了典型纳米材料对土壤微生物群落结构、丰度、功能的影响及可能的影响机制,探讨了环境因子对人工纳米材料土壤生物效应的调控作用,对需要深入研究的方向进行了展望。     

Investigation of correlativity between heavy metals concentration in indigenous plants and combined pollution soils

The accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in soils is potentially hazardous to human, livestock and plant species. HMs in the combined pollution soils and indigenous plants were investigated in a non-ferrous metal-smelting area. The purpose of this study was to determine the HMs in the contaminated soil and different plant species found growing on it, as well as calculation of bioaccumulation coefficients (BACs). Representative sampling sites were identified according to the land-use types. A total of 12 surface soil samples and 32 plant samples were collected. HMs were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The levels of soil pollution were assessed using Nemerow’s synthetical contamination index method. The synthetical index was in the range of 16.81–198.11. This result indicated a heavy burden on local environment. HM concentrations in plants were directly related with soil concentrations. The average BACs of five metals were found in the order of Cd (0.309)?>?Zn (0.178)?≈?Pb (0.160)?>?Cu (0.105)?>?Sb (0.0672). Spontaneous weeds including Chenopodium album Linn, Kochia scoparia and trees of Leuce, Ulmus pumila were deemed HM accumulators. The results provided a practical basis for phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils using accumulator species.     

Development of the microbial communities in lake donghu in relation to water quality

There is increasing recognition that protozoa is very useful in monitoring and evaluating water ecological healthy and quality. In order to study the relationship between structure and function of protozoan communities and water qualities, six sampling stations were set on Lake Donghu, a hypereutrophic subtropical Chinese lake. Microbial communities and protists sampling from the six stations was conducted by PFU (Polyurethane foam unit) method. Species number (S), diversity index (DI), percentage of phytomastigophra, community pollution value (CPV), community similarity and heterophy index (HI) were mensurated. The measured indicators of water quality included total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH(4)(+), NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-). Every month water samples from stations I, II, III, IV were chemically analyzed for a whole year, Among the chemically analyzed stations, station I was the most heavily polluted, station II was the next, stations III and IV had similar pollution degrees. The variable tendencies of COD, TP, NH(3), NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), and DO during the year was approximately coincident among the six stations. Analysis from the community parameters showed that the pollution of station 0 was much more serious than others, and station V was the most slight. Of the community parameters, CPV and HI were sensitive in reflecting the variables of the water quality. Community similarity index was also sensitive in dividing water qualities and the water quality status of different stations could be correctly classified by the cluster analysis. DI could reflect the tendency of water quality gradient, species number and percentage of Phytomastigophora was not obvious in indicating the water quality gradient.     

非均衡视域下江苏沿海“三极一带多节点”空间发展模式研究

阐述了非均衡发展理论对沿海开发的指导作用,分析了江苏沿海非均衡发展的区域条件,指出了“三极一带多节点”空间发展模式的合理性,提出了实施“三极一带多节点”空间发展模式的战略思考.     

乡镇工业废水对农业环境影响的典型调查

选择较有代表性的宁波市郊慈镇作为典型,调查分析了铜业乡镇企业对周围农业环境的污染情况。调查结果表明,污染源附近水域水质铜含量为０．００９～８．４６１ｍｇ／Ｌ,超标率为４３．８％,锌为０．０２～５．９２ｍｇ／Ｌ,超标率为３７．５％。土壤中铜的含量为３３．１～３２６．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,超标率为７２．２％。粮食中铜含量为２．１９～２４．２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,超标率为３７．５％。     

Hygroscopicity of ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou, China

In this study, hygroscopicity of size-segregated ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou was studied from 28th December 2009 to 18th January 2010, using a hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA). The submicron particles in Hangzhou showed a minor hygroscopic growth at 73% relative humidity (RH), and then grew significantly between 77% and 82% RH. Monomodal distribution accounted for 90% for 30 nm particles, 17% for 50 nm particles, and less than 7% for particles larger than 50 nm at 82% RH. Deconvolution of the bimodal distribution indicated a less hygroscopic group and a more hygroscopic group, with the fraction of the more hygroscopic group increasing with the initial dry particle size and then remaining almost constant for accumulation mode particles. Our results imply that submicron particles in urban Hangzhou were almost entirely externally mixed, and the hygroscopic properties of ambient particles in urban Hangzhou were mainly a function of their size and chemical composition.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in water and suspended particulate matter from the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China

The residues of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water and HCHs and DDTs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from rivers and lakes in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China, were investigated. The concentration of total OCPs in surface water varied from 1.01 to 46.49 ng l⁻¹ (mean 10.55 ng l⁻¹). The levels of total HCHs (ΣHCH) and total DDTs (ΣDDT) in surface water were in the range of 0.55–28.07 ng l⁻¹ and lower than detection limit to 16.71 ng l⁻¹, respectively, which was lower than Chinese standards on the whole. For OCPs residues in SPM, the mean levels varying from 0.20 to 34.72 ng l⁻¹ and 0.46 to 2.72 ng l⁻¹ for ΣHCH and ΣDDT, respectively, which ranked the relatively higher levels among Chinese studied rivers. Results from this investigation showed that previous excessive usage of technical OCPs was the main reason for the residues of HCHs and DDTs both in surface water and SPM, although some new sources were likely to occurred in the region. Apart from the OCPs in SPM originated from upstream in flood season, one of the important sources of OCP residues both in water and SPM in Yangtze River was supposed to be the inputs of its tributaries. Additionally, in situ water-SPM phase distributions of OCPs indicated that HCHs tended totransport with water as well as DDTs was prone to combine with SPM in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan.     

丛枝菌根真菌接种对兔眼蓝莓在华南地区生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,利用根际接种丛枝菌根真菌（地表球囊霉Glomus versiforme和摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae）的方法对兔眼蓝莓（Vaccinium ashei）在华南地区生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与未接种对照相比,接种的2个真菌均可不同程度地侵染兔眼蓝莓根系,增加根系总长、根表面积、植株地上部分鲜质量、新枝长度、主枝数和主枝长度等,促进兔眼蓝莓生长。地表球囊霉接种侵染率高,对兔眼蓝莓生长促进效果更好。接种AMF还能提高根际土壤w（P2O5）。接种丛枝菌根真菌有利于在华南地区引种栽培兔眼蓝莓。