Seasonal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiaojiang River—A tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir

A yearlong monitoring program in the backwater area of Xiaojiang River (XBA) was launched in order to investigate the eutrophication of backwater areas in tributaries of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, starting after the impoundment water level of the TGR reached 156 m. From March 2007 to March 2008, the average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were (1553±484) μg·L^?1 and (62±31) μg·L^?1, respectively. The mean value of chlorophyll was (9.07±0.91) μg·L^?1. The trophic level of XBA was meso-eutrophic, while the general nutrient limitation was phosphorus. The results indicated that XBA has a strong ability to purify itself and has non-point source pollution from terrestrial runoff. The variation of TN/TP ratio was caused by a variation in TN rather than in TP when TN/TP < 22. N-fixation from cyanobacteria occurred and became an important process in overcoming the nitrogen deficit under a low TN/TP ratio. When TN/TP ? 22, the variation of TP affected the TN/TP ratio more significantly than TN. The increase of TP in XBA was caused mainly by particulate phosphorus, which could originate from a non-point source as adsorptive inorganic forms after heavy rainfall and surface runoff. An increase in the river’s flow could also contribute to an unstable environment for the growth of phytoplankton.     

The modelling of trichloroethene photodegradation in Brij 35 surfactant by two-stage reaction.

Various clean-up technologies have been developed for the removal and/or destruction of trichloroethene (TCE) in the subsurface. Surfactant-aided soil washing followed by photodegradation could be a promising approach to such a task. The modelling of TCE photodegradation by UV in Brij 35 surfactant micelles is therefore investigated. Two stages of TCE degradation are observed in surfactant Brij 35 systems. A lag phase is observed at the commencement of the degradation, but the duration of the lag phase is significantly reduced as the initial pH increases. As the overall decay of TCE is also found to be faster at higher pH levels, it is suggested that the free radical reaction is dominant at high pH levels, and the formation of lag phases is mainly due to the deficiency of free radicals at lower pH levels. Since the period of the lag phase gradually decreases with the increase of initial pH level, and the two pseudo first-order reaction constants (one for the lag phase and one for the subsequent fast decay) for TCE decay in both stages are also pH dependent, a non-steady-state mathematical model is developed for the prediction of TCE photodegradation in Brij 35 solutions, in which the remaining fraction of TCE (C/C0) in the system can be determined at any instant by using a simple parameter of the initial system pH.     

我国粮食安全保障中改善农业环境的途径

本文分析了我国粮食安全及粮食持续生产所依托的农业环境状况。从我国粮食生产状况与经济发展水平看,全国粮食生产处于结构性过剩与低水平安全中,区域性粮食安全与不安全并存;耕地资源、水资源以及农民的经济收入状况等均不容乐观,加之自然灾害加重,粮食生产的环境成本将随之增加,这将影响我国未来粮食安全。为此,本文提出了走农业集约化道路是解决我国粮食安全与改善环境的基本途径。     

北江表层沉积物中铊污染的生态风险

为了解珠江水系北江流域表层沉积物中铊的含量,并在此基础上评价珠江流域北江铊污染现状及其生态风险,该研究于2006年采集了广东省北江韶关至清远段的沉积物样品,采用混酸消解后,使用ICP-MS测定了沉积物中铊的含量,应用潜在生态危害指数对北江的铊污染和生态危害进行评价.结果表明,珠江水系北江河段沉积物已达到了较高的铊污染水平,对周围环境存在着较高的铊生态风险.北江干流沉积物中的铊质量浓度范围为0.92 ~ 2.32 mg·kg-1,平均值为1.70 mg·kg-1;各支流沉积物中铊质量浓度范围为1.02 ~ 3.22 mg·kg-1.个别采样点,特别是接近韶关冶炼厂排放口附近沉积物中铊的含量达到7.78 mg·kg-1,具有极高的铊生态风险.对于北江各支流,铊的污染程度与潜在生态风险程度由高到低的排序为马坝河>武江>浈江>滨江>龙塘河,其中马坝河沉积物铊存在高度的生态风险.     

铅（Pb^2＋）致高血压大鼠胸主动脉病变的相关基因及信号转导途径

采用表达芯片研究铅(Pb2+)致高血压大鼠模型病变主动脉的基因表达谱,以及可能涉及的信号转导途径.结果表明,Pb2+致高血压大鼠和对照组相比,在3463个已知基因和表达序列标签(EST)中,有24个基因和1个EST表达上调幅度≥2倍;有2个基因和1个EST表达下调幅度≥2倍.在差异表达≥2倍的26个基因中,有13个上调的基因与细胞凋亡、局部粘附、细胞生长、增殖、细胞迁移、平滑肌兴奋、胶原重构等生物学过程相关;2个下调基因与能量代谢有关.表达差异基因相对集中的信号途径是与细胞运动、增殖和存活关系密切的局部粘附信号途径.     

臭氧-固定化生物活性炭滤池深度处理石化废水的试验研究

针对石化废水中不同特征污染物,采用人工分离筛选去除COD和油工程菌6株、硝化工程菌10株(亚硝化细菌5株、硝化细菌5株)构建高效混合菌群,通过臭氧固定化生物活性炭滤池除污染效能中试研究表明,该系统深度处理石化难降解有机废水是可行的,能同时实现去除COD、油类、NH3 N等污染物的功效,对COD、油类、NH3 N和色度的平均去除率分别为73 0%、90 5%、81 2%和90%,相应的出水分别为33 2mg/L、0 4mg/L、4 5mg/L和10倍,各项指标均达到了国家循环冷却水的用水要求,它的推广应用必将带来显著的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益。     

沈阳市北部污水处理厂工艺设计的特点

详细介绍了污水处理厂的设计规模、SDAO污水处理工艺、各个单体构筑物的主要设计参数,SDAO工艺采用圆形曝气池,在工艺和结构设计上有所创新。污泥采用消化处理,污泥加热方式比较科学。     

城市滨水区的生态恢复研究

城市滨水区的生态恢复具有着重要的生态、经济和社会意义。通过探讨和分析城市滨水区生态恢复的基础理论和主要内容,综述了国内外城市滨水区生态恢复的研究现状,指出我国为做好城市滨水区生态恢复工作尚需加强滨水区生态恢复的基础理论、关键技术、景观生态学的应用和示范推广等方面的研究,以滨水区的生态恢复带动开发,保证城市的可持续发展。     

嘉兴市不同天气条件下大气污染物和气溶胶化学组分的分布特征

为研究不同天气条件下大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO)和气溶胶化学组分的污染特征,分别使用SHARP-5030监测仪、热电EMS系统、气溶胶化学成分在线监测仪(ACSM)和宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪(WPS)对嘉兴市2015年5月1~31日PM、污染气体、PM_(1.0)中化学组分和10 nm~10μm气溶胶数浓度进行了观测分析.结果表明,观测期间嘉兴市PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的平均浓度分别为52.8和37.2μg·m~(-3)、10.3μg·m~(-3)、38.1μg·m~(-3)、92.1μg·m~(-3)和1.2 mg·m~(-3).PM_(1.0)中OA、SO_2-4、NO-3、NH_4~+和Cl-的平均浓度为2.18、1.24、0.87、0.63和0.08μg·m~(-3).数浓度主要集中在爱根核模态(20~100 nm),浓度为12 411.2 cm~(-3),其次是核模态(10~20 nm),浓度为4 946.6 cm~(-3).不同天气过程中PM和污染气体的浓度分布和日变化特征不同.不同天气条件下PM_(1.0)中化学组分分布不同.雨天和晴天PM_(1.0)中化学组分浓度从大到小顺序均为OASO_2-4NO-3NH_4~+Cl-,新粒子天PM_(1.0)中化学组分浓度的顺序为OANO-3SO_2-4NH_4~+Cl-.新粒子天OA和NO-3分别是晴天的1.61和1.42倍,说明OA和NO-3是影响新粒子生成事件的主要化学成分.不同天气条件下不同模态气溶胶的日变化特征不同.     

SMW围护结构的深基坑隆起变形有限元分析

影响基坑基底隆起的因素存在极大的模糊性和随机性,基底隆起变形量的计算是一个复杂的非线性过程,而采用有限元法对基坑基底隆起变形量进行分析是个有效的途径。本文以上海某深基坑为例,基于ABAQU S软件对该基坑基底隆起变形量进行有限元分析。研究表明,基底隆起最大变形量发生在离基坑侧壁约以SMW围护桩入土深度为半径的圆内侧。本文将为基坑隆起问题的定量研究提供有价值的参考。