全氟和多氟化合物替代品的研究进展

全氟和多氟化合物(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)是一类新型持久性有机污染物(POPs),广泛应用于工业和人类日常生活用品中。此类化合物具有高能量的C-F共价键,因此具有优良的理化特性和生物稳定性。由于存在持久性、生物累积性、长距离迁移以及毒性等问题,长链PFASs(C7)已经成为全世界关注的焦点之一,寻找能够替代PFASs的新型化合物具有重要意义。本文介绍了几种可能替代PFASs的新型氟化替代品,PFASs替代品在各类环境介质中的分布、持久性、人体暴露及毒性等几个方面进行了综述,特别对目前存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了讨论和展望,以期为PFASs替代品的环境污染及风险评估提供参考。     

Pollution of hazardous substances in industrial construction and demolition wastes and their multi-path risk within an abandoned pesticide manufacturing plant

Exploration of heavy metals and organic pollutants, their leaching capacity along with health and environmental risks in contaminated industrial construction and demolition waste (ICDW) within a pesticide manufacturing plant were investigated. A maximum content of 90.8 mg?kg^–1 Cd was found present in the wastes, which might originate from phosphorus rocks and industrial sulfuric acid used in pesticide production processes. An average concentration of 979.8 mg?kg^–1 dichlorovos and other 11 organophosphorus pesticide were also detected. Relatively high leaching rates of around 4.14‰were obtained from laboratory simulated ICDW using both glacial acetic acid-sodium hydroxide and deionized water. Pesticide pollutants had the strongest tendency to retaining on dry bricks (leaching rate 1.68‰) compared to mortar-coatings, etc. due to their different physical characteristics and octanol-water partioning coefficient. Mobility of pesticide from on-site ICDW by water was spatially correlated to waste types, process sections and human activities, with a flux of leaching rate between 5.9‰ to 27.4%. Risk-based corrective action (RBCA) model was used to simulate the risk of contaminated ICDW debris randomly scattered. Oral and dermal ingestion amount by local workers was 9.8 × 10^–3 and 1.9 × 10^–2 mg?(kg?d)^–1, respectively. Potential leaching risk to aquatic systems exceeded the limit for nearly 75% waste. Environmental and health risk exceedance was found in most ICDW, while the risk value of the most severely contaminated brick waste was 660 times beyond critical level. Implications for waste management involving construction and deconstruction work, waste transferring and regulation supplying were also provided.

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酸浸出法回收冶金污泥中的有价金属

采用二次酸浸出的方法回收镍钴湿法冶金工业污泥中的有价金属。先采用水和硫酸作为浸出剂浸出Mg和Na,最佳工艺条件为浸出液的pH 7.5、浸出时间5 min、浸出剂体积与干污泥质量的比(ω)为10 mL/g。再采用硫酸作为浸出剂、焦亚硫酸钠作为还原剂进行二次酸浸,在硫酸与污泥质量比为1.3、焦亚硫酸钠与污泥质量比为0.3、ω为5 mL/g、浸出温度85℃、浸出时间20 min的最佳工艺条件下,Co、Ni、Cu、Mn和Zn的浸出率分别达92.45%、93.48%、89.52%、97.78%和94.79%。经XRD表征,浸出后污泥中未见原污泥中的矿物相,说明原污泥中的矿物几乎全部被溶解。     

人工神经元网络辅助酚类化合物构效关系研究

分子连接性指数（^tXv）与在正辛醇和水之间的分配系数logP是反映化合物性能的重要结构参数。本文计算了酚类化合物的分子连接性指数及分配系数,运用新型的模式识别方法──人工神经元网络对酚类化合物的构效关系进行了研究。所得结果优于逐步判别法,对于预测未知化合物的毒性,具有重要意义。     

常州市老城区水体有机污染分布特征及原因初探

为了老城区河道的合理整治,采用总有机碳（TOC）分析仪对常州市老城区3条河流及区域内浅层地下水的14个采样点水样进行3个月的总有机碳含量检测。老城区水环境受到不同程度的有机污染,某些地下水的TOC含量高于地表水,原因为地表水补给地下水,且老城区水体污染源主要来源于周边地区的生活污水,并受到关河、雨水等的影响,这为常州市老城区水污染治理提供了依据。     

"十四五"生态质量评价办法应用研究与讨论——以江苏省宜兴市为例

2021年,生态环境部发布了《区域生态质量评价办法（试行）》,明确规定了生态质量评价的指标体系、数据要求和评价方法,适用于县级及以上区域。将江苏省宜兴市作为研究区,综合应用地理信息、卫星遥感与生物多样性数据,依据《区域生态质量评价办法（试行）》,从生态格局、生态功能、生物多样性和生态胁迫等方面开展评价研究。结果表明,该方法具有较强的可行性与适用性,能够更为全面、科学、准确地反映生态质量;2021年,宜兴市生态质量指数（EQI）为62.7,生态质量类别为“二类”。该研究结果可为地方生态环境监测部门开展生态质量评价工作提供参考。     

两栖装备入舰引导系统方案研究

目的针对两栖装备上下登陆舰时自动化程度低、无法全天候实施的问题,提高恶劣海况和黑夜条件下的登舰作业能力,提出一种两栖装备入舰引导系统设计方案。方法依托装备再制造升级技术手段,通过水下探测器接收登陆舰发射的超声波定位脉冲信号,获得装备相对位置和路线规划信息,有效规避航线水下障碍物,提高装备登舰的准确度和效率。结果针对系统发出的超声波信号部分被水下超声接收器接收的情况,对海水、海洋环境噪声和海洋混响等因素对声波信号传输特性的影响展开研究,重点分析了浅海海域的季节性声速剖面、传播过程中的声强损失,对海洋环境噪声、海底和海面的等效平面波混响级进行数学建模,通过静态和动态试验,验证了模型推导的准确性和数据的可靠性。结论通过浅海多径传播信号合成模型和双路径传播的信号衰减模式的推导,为求解声波传播模型的波动方程奠定了基础。     

Chemical Composition and Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China

Aerosol samples of PM10 and PM2.5 are collected in summertime at four monitoring sites in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC), inorganic ions, and elements in PM10 and PM2.5 are also quantified. Our study aims to: (1) characterize the particulate concentrations and associated chemical species in urban atmosphere (2) identify the potential sources and estimate their apportionment. The results show that average concentration of PM2.5 (97.54 μg m⁻³) in Guangzhou significantly exceeds the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg m⁻³. OC, EC, Sulfate, ammonium, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Se are mainly in PM2.5 fraction of particles, while chloride, nitrate, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn are mainly in PM2.5-10 fraction. The major components such as sulfate, OC and EC account for about 70–90% of the particulate mass. Enrichment factors (EF) for elements are calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, Pb, As, Se, V, Ni, Cu and Cd) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn). Ambient and source data are used in the multi-variable linearly regression analysis for source identification and apportionment, indicating that major sources and their apportionments of ambient particulate aerosols in Guangzhou are vehicle exhaust by 38.4% and coal combustion by 26.0%, respetively.     

我国垃圾焚烧发电CDM项目开发难点与实践分析

基于我国目前垃圾焚烧发电CDM项目的开发现状,从不同的角度比较和分析了该类项目的特点,总结了其项目公示阶段出现的问题并对方法学修正内容进行了说明。同时,以实际项目为例,着重探讨了额外性论证中的投资比较分析、普及性分析等难点问题,最终得出结论并提出建议。     

废印制线路板真空热解产物分析

在自行设计的间歇式固定床真空热解装置中热解废印制线路板(PCB),对热解产物进行了分析.在热解温度为550 ℃、热解压力为20 kPa、恒温时间为60 min的条件下,得到的热解产物质量分数为:热解渣70%;热解油3%～4%;不可冷凝热解气26%～27%.经气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析,热解油经常压蒸馏后得到的低沸点液态油中含有29种化合物,主要有苯酚、对异丙基酚、3-乙基酚、4-甲酚及2-溴苯酚,还含有少量含溴化合物和含氯化合物.热解油经简单的蒸馏就可达到回收酚类化合物的目的.热解渣经风选可实现铜与黏附有碳黑的玻璃纤维的分离,其中铜质量分数约30%,黏附有碳黑的玻璃纤维质量分数约70%.