基于生态学研究制定湿地保护策略：以台湾七股湿地为例

制定合理有效的滨海湿地保护法律制度和管理策略,需要我们理解生物多样性、生态功能和生态系统服务之间的相互关系,并正确地评估滨海湿地的脆弱性以及人类活动和环境变化对湿地的影响。然而,当前滨海湿地保护政策制定过程中有关生态及经济评估数据尚显不足。在此,本文以台湾七股滨海区域作为案例,展示了滨海湿地环境保护政策制定过程生态学研究发挥的影响力,并体现出对其他领域和当地居民相互协作的力量整合,最终实现湿地保护的策略。     

A Hydrologic Data Screening Procedure for Exploring Monotonic Trends and Shifts in Rainfall and Runoff Patterns

A thorough understanding of past and present hydrologic responses to changes in precipitation patterns is crucial for predicting future conditions. The main objectives of this study were to determine temporal changes in rainfall‐runoff relationship and to identify significant trends and abrupt shifts in rainfall and runoff time series. Ninety‐year rainfall and runoff time series datasets from the Gasconade and Meramec watersheds in east‐central Missouri were used to develop data screening procedure to assess changes in the rainfall and runoff temporal patterns. A statistically significant change in mean and variance was detected in 1980 in the rainfall and runoff time series within both watersheds. In addition, both the rainfall and runoff time series indicated the presence of nonstationary attributes such as statistically significant monotonic trends and/or change in mean and variance, which should be taken into consideration when using the time series to predict future scenarios. The annual peak runoff and the annual low flow in the Meramec watershed showed significant temporal changes compared to that in the Gasconade watershed. Water loss in both watersheds was found to be significantly increasing which is potentially due to the increase in groundwater pumping for water supply purposes.     

太湖西部入湖口沉积物中有机物分布及其潜在指示意义

太湖作为重要的工农业用水水源以及周边居民饮用水源,其水质安全受到高度关注。在太湖西部入湖口采集7个沉积物样品,研究了合成麝香、多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂(OPs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)含量水平和分布规律。研究结果表明,沉积物中多种污染物分布广泛,含量水平差异较大。其中,Σ15PAHs含量371 ng·g~(-1)~2.53$103ng·g~(-1),主要来源于生物质燃烧和化石燃料高温裂解;沉积物中检出4种多环麝香,主要组分为佳乐麝香(HHCB)(0.0792 ng·g~(-1)~1.17 ng·g~(-1))和吐纳麝香(AHTN)(0.123 ng·g~(-1)~1.29 ng·g~(-1)),它们指示了太湖水体已遭受一定程度生活污水输入影响;沉积物中Σ6OPs含量范围为1.63 ng·g~(-1)~21.9 ng·g~(-1),主要污染组分为磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP),并呈现明显的点源排放特征;沉积物中六六六系列(HCHs)(0.310 ng·g~(-1)~1.11 ng·g~(-1))和滴滴涕系列(DDTs)(0.551 ng·g~(-1)~6.40 ng·g~(-1))主要来源于历史残留。位于太滆流域的几个入湖口沉积物中多种污染物含量多高于浙江省辖区3个入湖口沉积物。     

滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中多环芳烃的污染特征

为调查滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染状况,采用气相色谱-质谱法对该区16种US EPA优先控制的PAHs进行了分析,并对PAHs的污染水平,空间分布,来源与饮水健康风险进行了调查与评估.结果表明,51个点位中仅有2个点位未检出PAHs, PAHs的浓度范围为未检出~334.3ng/L,平均值为58.0ng/L,低于国内报道的其他地区的污染水平.研究区岗黄水库之间河谷裂隙孔隙水单元（G1）,滹沱河冲洪积扇扇顶部孔隙水单元（G2）,滹沱河冲洪积扇扇中部孔隙水单元（G3）3个水文地质单元PAHs平均浓度分别为215.2ng/L, 9.8ng/L,9.2ng/L, 其中G1以3~4环PAHs为主,而G2, G3以2~3环PAHs为主.分子比值法污染源解析表明,G1单元地下水PAHs污染源主要为煤与生物质燃烧,而G2, G3单元污染源主要为石油制品.采用US EPA推荐的方法对研究区地下水饮水健康风险进行评价,发现研究区G1单元PAHs饮水终生致癌风险平均值为2.1×10^-5,超过可接受水平,应当引起关注.     

ASBR处理食品废水中DOM转化过程的荧光光谱

利用厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)处理食品废水,结合三维荧光光谱技术考察不同反应时段废水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的光谱特征和物质来源,并建立DOM特征峰荧光强度与氨氮浓度的关系.工艺运行结果表明:食品废水经过ASBR处理后,进水的COD从1100mg/L降至91mg/L,COD去除率达到91.73%,说明ASBR反应器可有效降解食品废水中的有机物质.三维荧光光谱显示,5种物质的特征荧光峰,即高激发波长色氨酸(峰A)、低激发波长色氨酸(峰B)、可见光区富里酸(峰C)、紫外光区富里酸(峰D)、类腐殖酸(峰E).随着厌氧生物处理的进行,峰A、峰B和峰C的荧光强度表现为先增加后减少的趋势;峰D荧光强度表现为微弱增加趋势;峰E荧光强度为先减少后增加趋势.荧光光谱指数FI、HIX、BIX表明,废水具有明显生物源特征.建立高激发波长色氨酸、低激发波长色氨酸特征峰荧光强度与色氨酸荧光强度之和与氨氮浓度在反应周期内的相关性,其相关系数分别为0.8136、0.9390、0.9153,说明可通过三维荧光光谱技术快速监测食品废水厌氧生物处理过程中的氨氮浓度.     

Analyses of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mutagenicity in raw and chlorinated water

Both raw water and chlorinated drinking water samples were collected from and the Liu‐Du water treatment plant in northern Taiwan from October 1990 to April 1992. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in these water samples were analyzed by GC/MS and Ames test. The Mutagenicity/DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) ratio in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 mixture increased, even higher than 2, following the sequence of unit process. It was observed that the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was highly related to most of PAHs in the raw water; while the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was only correlated with DbA and BghiPr in the treated water. It could be expected that the mutagenicity level was controlled by other predominant components after the raw water was treated, for example, the chlorination process.     

Algal purification of pretreated landfill Leachate

The efficiency of microalgae in removing various pollutants in landfill leachate after pretreatment by free stripping or air stripping was tested by a laboratory batch system. The results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus sp. had similar removal efficiencies with regard to ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen, orthophosphate and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The COD removal by algal treatment was better in Junk Bay (JB) leachate than in Gin Drinkers’ Bay (GDB) leachate (14–21% and 0.4–7% respectively). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in removing other nutrients including ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen and orthophosphate between leachate from the two landfills, regardless of the pretreatment used. The removal efficiencies of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be higher in air‐stripped leachate than in free‐stripped one. Removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus in air‐stripped leachate was 30% and 87% respectively. Poor removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen was probably due to a deficiency in phosphorus (high N : P ratio) for algal growth in leachate. The two‐stage leachate treatment (ammonia stripping followed by algal purification) resulted in overall reduction of COD (38–51%), ammoniacal‐nitrogen (72–96%) and orthophosphate (79–96%).     

城市污水管道入流入渗监测技术研究与应用进展

入流和入渗(inflow and infiltration)会导致管道中水量超过设计水量,是导致污水管道溢流的主要原因。由于管道埋藏于地下,入流和入渗时间和位置随机性强,难于及时发现入流和入渗的位置和原因。目前国外的排水研究和管理人员利用在线监测技术获取了大量的监测数据,分析水量变化规律,并利用烟道测试等检测手段寻找入流入渗源。对排水管道入流入渗的监测和数据分析技术及在实际管理中的应用手段进行了综述,并以国内某城市实际监测数据为例进行入流入渗的分析,可为国内排水管网监控管理提供借鉴。     

锚固系统与锚固介质材料中应力波波速的关系

应用低应变反射波法对锚杆锚固系统进行无损检测时,常因锚杆底端反射很微弱而影响锚固系统中应力波波速的准确确定,导致锚固质量无法准确判读,为此,采用低应变反射波法测试了不同围岩和锚固介质中的锚固系统应力波波速,并与采用超声波法测试的由锚固介质材料所制作标准试块中的应力波波速进行对比分析。结果表明,这2种波速与锚固介质材料强度密切相关;锚固系统中的应力波波速介于锚固介质材料与自由锚杆中的应力波波速之间,锚固系统中的应力波波速和锚杆介质材料中的应力波波速随龄期和强度均呈指数关系变化且对称分布。