含雄黄的中成药中砷的生物可给性及其初步风险评价

为研究含雄黄中成药中砷的含量状况,探明其中砷对人体的健康风险,选取含雄黄的中成药为研究对象,分析其中砷含量;通过人工胃肠体外模拟系统研究中成药中砷的生物可给性,并在此基础上进行初步的人体健康风险评价。结果显示,含雄黄中成药样品中砷全量为9.9×102～8.8×104mg·kg-1。中成药砷的生物可给性在胃阶段为0.20%～2.17%,小肠阶段为0.26%～2.43%。以WHO每日允许摄入量(ADI)为标准的健康风险评价结果表明,若以砷全量衡量,所有含雄黄中成药均对人体健康具有巨大风险;若以小肠阶段可给砷含量评价,砷日摄入量与ADI比值范围为1.48%～879.68%,约70%含雄黄的中成药的可给砷含量仍足以威胁人体健康。     

乌梁素海底泥沉积物资源化利用初步分析

基于乌梁素海底泥沉积物的分布特征、质地、营养物成分及其含量,对乌梁素海底泥沉积物资源化利用前景进行了初步的分析.粒径级配分析结果表明,乌梁素海底泥沉积物受沉积作用明显,分选性好,属于砂壤土和壤土,可以用做土建工程材料;底泥沉积物中所含污染物成分分析结果表示,虽然底泥沉积物受上覆富营养化水体的影响,氮、磷和有机养分含量相对较大,但仍属于中等肥力土壤,且伴随着较大含量的重金属积累,可能会在资源化利用中对土壤、水体等造成二次污染,具有一定的生态风险性,不适宜用做农田施肥,可在一定保护措施条件下用做土壤质地改良、建立湖滨带和堆放处置等.     

典型POPs的生物降解修复技术研究与发展

生物吸附与降解是解决持久性有机污染物（POPs）最有潜力的方法之一,有必要介绍利用微生物把目标污染物转化为易降解的物质甚至矿化的POPs修复原理及其技术。对此,概述了近年来国内外基于微生物通过膜融合、胞质融合和核融合形成能够降解POPs的杂种细胞的细胞融合技术;基于降解性质粒的相容性,把能够降解不同污染物的质粒组合到一个菌种中,形成多质粒的新菌种,使微生物由于代谢途径的改变能够矿化POPs的基因工程菌构建技术;基于通过某些载体把酶固定于其中实现活性稳定、可以回收及可重复利用的酶固定化技术,以及基于降解菌活性酶分子亚基置换、降解菌活性酶的定点突变、降解酶的体外定向进化这几方面的酶构建技术;进一步分析基于分子生物学提高POPs生物修复能力的原理,指出经生物技术改造的工程菌和固定化酶未能进入实际应用的障碍所在。以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的微生物细胞吸收和降解机理作为典型POPs生物修复的案例,强调生物降解的过程强化需要建立多尺度上功能方面的适合;提出了分子生物学与基因工程学的结合在解决POPs环境污染方面未来的基础科学问题与研究思路。综合上述,典型POPs的生物修复技术的构建需要考虑宏观污染物协同降解的工艺理论,在基因水平、分子水平、反应器水平及工程水平上追求更高功能方面的适合。     

生命之源离枯竭还有多远

水,是生命之源。然而．一些地方在“拼资源换增长”的错误发展观的指导下．水荒．正一步步向我们逼来,目前全国669个城市中有400多个供水不足．在32个百万人口以上的特大城市中．有30个长期受缺水问题困扰。与此同时,全国甩水量持续增长,如果不采取有力措施,我国相当一部分地医可能在未来会出现严重的水危机。     

广州机动车尾气中乙醛稳定碳同位素特征和排放因子

为了获得机动车排放源中乙醛的δ13C(稳定碳同位素丰度)特征及其影响因素,进行不同负荷下的发动机台架试验,采集不同怠速下的机动车尾气样品. 利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱(GC-C-IRMS)分析乙醛δ13C值,并与ρ(乙醛)进行分析. 结果显示:①在发动机燃烧过程中,乙醛的生成和消除反应同时存在. 在发动机低负荷运行时,乙醛的δ13C分馏值为负(-1.4‰~-0.4‰),表明生成反应占主导;而在高负荷运行时,分馏值为正(0.5‰~1.3‰),表明消除反应占主导. ②乙醛的δ13C值与其质量浓度无明显相关性,主要受发动机燃烧温度和尾气净化装置的影响. 整车尾气中乙醛的δ13C值在-29.1‰～-24.4‰之间,平均值为-26.5‰±1.6‰. 其中,汽油车为-25.9‰~-24.4‰,平均值为-24.9‰±0.5‰;柴油车为-29.1‰~-27.0‰,平均值为-28.0‰±0.6‰. ③南方机动车尾气排放源与植物排放源中的乙醛的δ13C值范围不同,表明δ13C值可用于大气乙醛的源解析. 通过机动车尾气中c(乙醛)/c(CO₂)估算广州汽油车和轻型柴油车乙醛的排放因子,二者分别为(13±16)和(169±106)mg/L.      

露天矿粉尘源强分析及贡献率实验研究

针对某露天矿山实际情况,结合粉尘污染扩散理论,应用函数拟合与数值计算的方法,对该露天矿钻孔、爆破、铲装、汽车运输、倾倒作业产尘点的源强进行测定与分析,研究不同粉尘源对总产尘量的贡献率。分析得到爆破作业的产尘贡献率最大为98．145％,除爆破以外汽车扬尘为最主要设备产尘源。     

油气浓度对半开口管道爆炸超压特性与火焰行为的影响

为了研究油气浓度对半开口管道爆炸超压特性与火焰行为的影响,建立半开口透明管道实验台架,采用5种不同初始油气浓度,进行了一系列油气爆炸对比实验。研究结果表明:油气浓度对油气爆炸超压峰值以及升压速率有显著影响,二者都呈现随浓度的增加先增大后减小的变化规律;油气浓度对火焰锋面传播速度有着显著影响,在当量浓度比下,火焰锋面的传播速度最大,并且火焰锋面的传播距离也最远;管道内的火焰行为可以分为4个阶段;油气浓度对火焰传播形态以及传播速度有明显的影响,对火焰传播形态的影响主要体现在破坏变形以及管道外爆炸阶段,随着浓度增加,爆炸半径先增大后减小,火焰传播速度呈现相同的变化规律。     

Research progress of nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZII) and its relationship with the environment北大核心CSCD

The greenhouse effect has become increasingly serious globally. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is both the major ozone depleting substance and a potent greenhouse gas having a global warming potential 298 times that of CO2, and the N2O concentration is still increasing at an annual rate of about 0.8 × 10-9. Nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) can reduce N2O to N2, and until recently, the nosZ gene was the only gene known to be able to encode N2OR. Besides the well-known nosZI, a new lineage of the N2O-reductase (nosZ clade II), which is abundant and widespread in soils, has been identified. In this paper, the main characters of nosZII-containing microbial communities and the related working mechanisms are summarized. In addition to the main differences between nosZI and nosZII, the important environmental factors that regulate the composition, abundance, and expression of nosZII-containing communities are also discussed in this paper. Studies have shown that nosZII communities are distributed among a diverse range of bacterial and archaeal phyla, such as Epsilon-proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Aquificae. Interestingly, most of the nosZII microbes lack a nitrite reductase encoding gene (nirS or nirK) and are therefore unable to denitrify, indicating the importance of these communities as N2O sinks. Soil properties such as texture, pH, C/ N ratio, temperature, and lake physical gradient could regulate nosZII microbe abundance and diversity, and the pH and C/ N ratio may be the most important influencing factors. Studies on the ecological function of nosZII microbes have advanced considerably with the development of molecular biology technology. However, further studies on the community structure of nosZII microbes, the influencing factors of nosZII microbe abundance and diversity, and characteristics of nosZII strains with strong N2O reducing ability are needed. We hope to provide a theoretical basis that can be used to facilitate N2O reduction and relieve the greenhouse gas problem. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Modelling of turbulent dispersion for numerical simulation of wind-driven rain on bridges

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is responsible for many potential negative effects on bridges, such as structural cracking, aggregate erosion, steel corrosion and storm water management problems and so on. Hence, accurate evaluations of the WDR effects on bridges are essential to provide solutions for preventing material degradation and improving durability capability of bridges. However, in most previous WDR numerical studies, the turbulent dispersion of raindrops was neglected. In this paper, the turbulent dispersion is integrated into Eulerian multiphase model to investigate the WDR effects on a bridge with rectangular cross-section. Especially, the influences of the turbulent dispersion are discussed in detail by comparing the WDR simulation results for the cases with and without consideration of the turbulent dispersion in terms of WDR flow fields, volume fraction, specific catch ratio, catch ratio, rain loads and aerostatic force coefficients. The results indicate that the turbulent dispersion for a certain range of raindrop size is needed to be taken into account for obtaining accurate WDR simulation results for bridges.     

Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C. • As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels. • Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature. • The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC. Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.