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731.
以酸性蓝80(AB80)模拟染料废水,采用E-Mn2+-PDS协同体系,对AB80进行电催化降解实验.对比了不同催化体系的降解效率,探讨了Mn2+与PDS浓度、pH值和电流密度等单因素对E-Mn2+-PDS体系电催化降解效率的影响,对E-Mn2+-PDS体系中的氧化性物质、AB80的分解产物及其在体系中的矿化程度进行了研究,并分析了降解机理.结果表明:与其他催化体系比较,E-Mn2+-PDS协同体系最优,对AB80的降解率高达99.9%.pH值是最主要的影响因素,pH=3时,E-Mn2+-PDS协同体系的降解率为99.6%;协同体系中的氧化性物质包括硫酸根自由基(SO4-×),羟基自由基(HO×),还有活性Mn3+;AB80在协同体系中经过多种化学反应形成11种主要分解产物.协同体系对AB80的矿化率是直接电催化的2.6倍;降解机理为:PDS被Mn2+与电流激发出SO4-×后,SO4-×与水反应生成HO×,然后HO×与电流将Mn2+氧化为活性Mn3+,三种氧化性物质协同降解污染物. 相似文献
732.
蓝藻水华是淡水湖库普遍面临的水环境问题,目前水华形成机制研究大多关注外界环境因素而忽略了藻类自身及群体的关键调节作用.因此,本文以初始细胞密度为单一变量,考察了不同初始细胞密度条件下蓝藻生长、营养物质利用、叶绿素、藻毒素、胞外分泌物随时间的变化情况.结果发现,初始细胞密度会影响铜绿微囊藻的环境适应性和生长情况,当接种密度≥1×106 cell·mL-1,铜绿微囊藻适应期消失,初始细胞密度从1×105 cell·mL-1增加至1×107 cell·mL-1,最高细胞密度增加了68%,生长速率提高了21%,并且叶绿素变化趋势与生长情况一致.胞外分泌物随初始细胞密度增加而逐渐增加,有利于蓝藻细胞聚集成膜.当初始细胞密度较低(1×105 cell·mL-1)时,单细胞藻毒素分泌量反而增加,以提高蓝藻的环境适应能力.在高初始密度(1×107 cell·mL-1)条件下,铜绿微囊藻主要通过上调丙酮酸代谢和碳代谢,促进细胞生长增殖.因此,细胞密度是影响铜绿微囊藻生长代谢的重要因素,在蓝藻水华形成过程中可能发挥重要作用,水华防治应当在细胞密度较低的阶段进行. 相似文献
733.
Yingshuai Liu Yunshan Ge Jianwei Tan Mingliang Fu Asad Naeem Shah Luqiang Li Zhe Ji Yan Ding 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2018,30(3):83-91
Maritime transport has been playing a decisive role in global trade. Its contribution to the air pollution of the sea and coastal areas has been widely recognized. The air pollutant emission inventories of several harbors in China have already been established. However,the emission factors of local ships have not been addressed comprehensively, and thus are lacking from the emission inventories. In this study, on-board emission tests of eight diesel-powered offshore fishing ships were conducted near the coastal region of the northern Yellow Bo Sea fishing ground of Dalian, China. Results show that large amounts of fine particles( 0.5 μm, 90%) were found in maneuvering mode, which were about five times higher than those during cruise mode. Emission rates as well as emission factors based on both distance and fuel were determined during the cruise and maneuvering modes(including departure and arrival). Average emission rates and distance-based emission factors of CO, HC and PM were much higher during the maneuvering mode as compared with the cruise mode. However, the average emission rate of Nitrous Oxide(NOx) was higher during the cruise mode as compared with the maneuvering modes. On the contrary, the average distance-based emission factors of NOxwere lower during the cruise mode relative to the maneuvering mode due to the low sailing speed of the latter. 相似文献
734.
Aluminum and ferric salts are commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWPTs) for phosphorus(P) removal. In this study, on-site jar tests were conducted to determine the removal of different P species from the fresh samples in the presence and absence of activated sludge(AS) with different doses of alum, poly-aluminum chloride,and ferric chloride at different p H. The soluble P(SP) concentration in the samples was about 0.63 mg/L. When the mixed liquor containing AS was treated with 8 mg/L of Al, SP could be reduced to 0.13 mg/L, while it was reduced to 0.16 mg/L with only 1 mg/L of Al after sedimentation removal of AS from sample. Chemical analysis determined that AS contained 59.8 mg-P/g-TSS and 43.8 mg-Al/g-TSS and most of the P was associated with the aluminum hydroxide. We discovered that the phosphate in the AS could readily be released from it, which was mainly responsible for ineffective removal of P to low levels in mixed liquor even with very high alum dose. This study provides new insight into the behavior and fate of P in the wastewater treatment plants that use alum to enhance P removal in the final effluent. 相似文献
735.
736.
737.
One important aspect of the urban environment is its sound environment, in which the sound environment of street areas plays a significant role. In this research, we employed methods of subjective image evaluation and spatial analysis of soundscape formation, in studying the sound environments of urban street areas. In Saga City, Japan, we analysed the structure and main sound components of urban street areas, as well as the sound pressure levels through on-site investigation. Through image evaluation, we obtained people's ratings of each sound component in terms of “preference” and “congruence”. Simultaneously, we interviewed people on site for their evaluation of the sound environment using semantic differential profiles. Lastly, we performed a spatial analysis of the site, identifying the different types of street sound environment and their characteristics using cluster analysis, as well as noting the interaction of auditory image and visual factors. The methods presented by this research can help us understand the sound environment of urban street areas more comprehensively and vividly, and to point out a unique direction in the research of urban sound environment as well as the planning of urban street areas. 相似文献
738.
Jianbiao Lu Ge Sun Steven G. McNulty Devendra M. Amatya 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(3):621-633
ABSTRACT: Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important index of hydrologic budgets at different spatial scales and is a critical variable for understanding regional biological processes. It is often an important variable in estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) in rainfall‐runoff and ecosystem modeling. However, PET is defined in different ways in the literature and quantitative estimation of PET with existing mathematical formulas produces inconsistent results. The objectives of this study are to contrast six commonly used PET methods and quantify the long term annual PET across a physiographic gradient of 36 forested watersheds in the southeastern United States. Three temperature based (Thornthwaite, Hamon, and Hargreaves‐Samani) and three radiation based (Turc, Makkink, and Priestley‐Taylor) PET methods are compared. Long term water balances (precipitation, streamflow, and AET) for 36 forest dominated watersheds from 0.25 to 8213 km2 in size were estimated using associated hydrometeorological and land use databases. The study found that PET values calculated from the six methods were highly correlated (Pearson Correlation Coefficient 0.85 to 1.00). Multivariate statistical tests, however, showed that PET values from different methods were significantly different from each other. Greater differences were found among the temperature based PET methods than radiation based PET methods. In general, the Priestley‐Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods performed better than the other PET methods. Based on the criteria of availability of input data and correlations with AET values, the Priestley‐Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods are recommended for regional applications in the southeastern United States. 相似文献
739.
德国是世界上第一个建立工伤保险制度的国家。1884年7月6日,德国颁布工伤保险法,其基于与民法不同的原则,即“不以追究事故责任者确定赔付的原则”。其含义为,在工伤赔付上,无需再追究是雇主还是雇员方面的过错,而是以是否发生在就业过程中为确定工伤赔付范围的划定标准。工伤保险法律将过去由工人方面承担事故后果,转移向由雇主方面承担。但雇主的责任不是以企业主个人承担 相似文献
740.
法律法规马来西亚的新《职业安全与卫生法》是1994年颁布的。该法修订了1967年颁布的《工厂与机器法》。《工厂与机器法》是先前制订颁布的《职业安全与卫生法》的一个主要篇章,它在一些特定的机械作业、建筑以及一些工程特定的伤害细节上没有规定要提供充分的防护。因此1994年的《职业安全与卫生法》明确体现了全面关注全国劳工安全、卫生与福利的立法意图。 相似文献